WEEK 11 - Cognitive Bias

Question 1

what is cognitive biases ?

Answer 1

are persistent and widespread psychological tendencies that can be determined to objectivity and rationality

Question 2

where do biases often arise from ?

Answer 2

they often arise from proper cognitive functioning

Question 3

what are four types of biases ?

Answer 3

• memory biases
• context biases
• evidential failures
• ego biases

Question 4

what is memory biases ?

Answer 4

Are biases that affect how we encode and recall information

Question 5

what are the four memory biases effects ?

Answer 5

• the recency effect
• the primary effect
• the availability bias
• the exposure efect

Question 6

what is the recency effect ?

Answer 6

we tend to better recall more recently presented information

Question 7

what is the primacy effect ?

Answer 7

we tend to better recall information presented at the starts of a list of sequency

Question 8

what is the availability bias ?

Answer 8

we largely based estimates of frequency and probability on how easy it is to recall examples

Question 9

what is the exposure effect ?

Answer 9

we respond more positively to familiar things

Question 10

what are three memory biases hacks ?

Answer 10

• emotional and dramatic events
• individual cases vs. statistic
• the influence of imagination

Question 11

what is context biases ?

Answer 11

is a bias in judgment triggered by irrelevant features of the context in which the judgment is made

Question 12

what does anchoring mean ?

Answer 12

making the first move when bargaining can be advantageous – it sets an anchor

Question 13

what is the anchoring effect ?

Answer 13

we use arbitrary reference points as an “anchor” from which we make minor adjustments to arrive at our judgment

Question 14

what is an agent metaphor ?

Answer 14

an agent metaphor is a metaphor that describes something in terms normally used to describe agents

Question 15

what is the framing effect ?

Answer 15

irrelevant features of the way that a problem is formulated (or framed)

Question 16

“There is a 10% chance of dying from the surgery.”
“The surgery has a 90% chance of survival.”

is an example of what ?

Answer 16

framing effect

Question 17

what are evidential failures ?

Answer 17

are cases in which we fail to use information and evidence correctly

Question 18

what is confirmation bias ?

Answer 18

we tend to look for evidence confirming our beliefs rather than disconfirming evidence

Question 19

what is the belief perseverance effect ?

Answer 19

after we’ve judged that a belief is false, we sometimes continue to have the belief

Question 20

what is ego bias ?

Answer 20

are biases concerning our perception of ourselves and how we see others in relation to ourselves

Question 21

what is the above average effect ?

Answer 21

most people think they are better than average at any given activity

Question 22

“the majority of drivers say they are more skillful and less risky drivers than average driver”

is an example of what ?

Answer 22

the above average effect

Question 23

what are race and gender biases ?

Answer 23

These biases constitute implicit racism and implicit sexism and other forms of implicit bias