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GIR Test 3 > EBM > Flashcards

EBM Flashcards

1
Q

preferred measure of central tendency for continous data with symmetric distributions

A

mean

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2
Q

sensitive to extreme values and biased based on the presence of outliers

A

mean

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3
Q

preferred measure of central tendency for skewed distributions or distributions with outliers

A

median

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4
Q

measures of variability

2

A
  • standard deviation
  • variance
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5
Q
  • difference between highest and lowest measurements
  • sensitive to extreme observations
A

range

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6
Q

best representation of variation when data points are clustered around and dispersed from the mean

A

standard deviation

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7
Q

measures of central tendency

3

A

mean
median
mode

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8
Q
  • utilized when researchers are trying to develop theory which necessitates taking an inductive approach
  • participants are purposively selected and have a variety of lived experiences
A

grounded theory

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9
Q

used when examining a single phenomenon

A

phenomenology

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10
Q

involves making inferences

A

deductive reasoning

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11
Q

gets into the details of how language is beings used

A

discourse analysis

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12
Q

embedding oneself in the setting and observing behavior

A

ethnography

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13
Q

used to compare the means between two groups

A

t-test

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14
Q

used to test for differences in proportions between 2 groups

A

chi-square test

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15
Q

compares means of a continous variable between two or more groups

A

ANOVA

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16
Q

most appropriate method for determining efficacy when analyzing RCTs

A

ITT

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17
Q

includes every subject who was randomized ignoring non-compliance, protocol deviations, withdrawal, etc.

A

ITT

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18
Q

approach that actually measures the beneficial effects of treatent in patients who complete treatment

A

per-protocol analysis

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19
Q

when a small degree of non-compliance is observed, the analytic sets for the ITT and per-protocol analysis

A

contain nearly the same subjects, resulting in minimal differences between the two

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20
Q

case-control study use […] ratio

A

odds

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21
Q

cohort or RCTs use […] ratio

A

hazard

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22
Q

confidence interval below 1 indicates

A

data are consistent with a statistically significant protective effect

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23
Q

observational study with forward directionality

A

cohort

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24
Q

useful to study diseases with a long latency period

A

case-control

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25
Q

occurs when a third factor affects the magnitude of the relationship between the exposure and disease

A

effect modification

26
Q

occurs when investigator inadvertently conveys their expectations to the subject, who then produces the expected result

A

Pygmallion effect

27
Q

patients with severe disease are less likely to be studied because they are more likely to succumb to the disease before being studied

A

late look bias

28
Q

best way to control confounding in a non-observational study

A

randomization

29
Q

occurs when a third factor is either positively or negatively associated with both the exposure and outcome of interest

A

confounding

30
Q

occurs when observer is aware of what exposure group the study subject has been assigned to

A

observer bias

31
Q

occurs with earlier detection of a disorder which makes the prognosis seems better when in reality the disease was merely detected earlier

A

lead time bias

32
Q

occurs when selected subjects are not representative of the population to be studied

A

selection bias

33
Q

systematic bias in regard to classifying subjects

A

measurement bias

34
Q

ability to use results from one study to draw conclusions about populations different than that used in the study

A

generalizability

35
Q

occur when a study is conducted in very specific population and an attempt is made to apply findings beyond the represented population

A

problems with generalizability

36
Q

the stricter the inclusion/exclusion criteria the less…

A

generalizable

37
Q

can serve to improve the generalizability of specific study findings

A

meta-analysis

38
Q

what measure of central tendency is least effected by outliers?

A

mode

39
Q

stating there is an effect or difference when none exists

A

type I error

40
Q

stating there is not an effect or difference when one exists

A

type II error

41
Q

in order to minimize outcome switching and p-hacking..

A

only outcomes that are known or predicted to be associated with the patient’s response to treatment should be collected

42
Q

small sample size with just enough data to answer a limited question

A

QI project

43
Q

large samples of data with additional data that may be analyzed later if needed

A

research

44
Q

large data sets of all available data related to patient outcomes

A

accountability

45
Q

focused on improving care for patients

A

QI projects

46
Q

compares outcomes of different groups of patients or healthcare systems

A

accountability

47
Q

focused on gaining new knowledge

A

research

48
Q

seeks to eliminate bias

A

research

49
Q

adjusts for bias

A

accountability

50
Q

accepts bias as inherent to the process

A

QI

51
Q

alway inherent to the process or system being studied

A

common cause variation

52
Q

non-random
results in an unpredictable system

A

special cause variation

53
Q

due to irregular or unnatural causes

A

special cause variation

54
Q
  • random
  • results in predictable system
  • affects all outcomes in the process
A

common cause variation

55
Q

the same […] value can reflect different distribution of data

A

mean

56
Q

midpoint value within the distribution of data

A

median

57
Q

may not shift with different distributions of data and is not necessarily affected by sample size

A

mean

58
Q
  • organized around the median
  • simple bar graph
  • doesn’t use statistical measures
A

run chart

59
Q
  • organized around the mean
  • used control limits (3 stan. dev from mean)
A

process control chart

60
Q

three standard deviations from the mean or greater

A

special cause variant

61
Q

lie within 3 standard deviations above or below the mean

A

common cause variants

GIR Test 3 (16 decks)

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