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M2 Midterm > About the body > Flashcards

About the body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major functions of kidneys?

A

Remove waste products and excess fluid from the body, and regulation of water, electrolyte balance, and PH

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2
Q

What do kidneys do to blood?

A

Filter blood of unneeded substances

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3
Q

What do kidneys produce?

A

Urine

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4
Q

How much percentage of urine is made from water?

A

95%

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5
Q

What happens to the useful particles in the kidney?

A

Reabsorbed

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6
Q

What happens to substances that are not reabsorbed?

A

They turn into urine and enter the bladder

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7
Q

What effect does urea have on Plasma to urine?

A

Urea increases from plasma to urine

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8
Q

Why does urea increase from plasma to urine?

A

Because urea contains urea nitrogen, which is a waste product

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9
Q

When ammonia is transported through the blood to the liver, what does it turn into?

A

Urea

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10
Q

Which is more toxic, urea or ammonia?

A

Ammonia

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11
Q

What effect does glucose have on plasma to urine?

A

Glucose decreases from plasma to urine

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12
Q

What is the function of the Ureter?

A

Takes urine to bladder

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13
Q

How is blood carried to the kidney?

A

Renal artery

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14
Q

How is blood carried away from the kidney?

A

Renal vein

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15
Q

What is the function of the cortex?

A

Where the filtering units of the kidney begin.

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16
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Regulate concentration of the urine

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17
Q

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

A

Urine is collected and passed down to the ureter

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18
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

The temporary storage of urine

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19
Q

Where does filtering take place?

A

Takes place at the nephrons at the site of glomerules

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20
Q

How do the glomerules filter blood?

A

Separates large particles (such as proteins and RBCs)

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21
Q

Where does the filtered blood enter?

A

The Bowman’s capsule

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22
Q

What is the function of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Helps glomerulus filter blood

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23
Q

What happens to the small, necessary particles in the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Reabsorbed into the blood stream

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24
Q

Where does the remaining waste in the Bowman’s capsule go to?

A

Exit the kidneys as urine

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25
Q

What are two major problems with kidneys?

A

Kidneys stones and kidney failure

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26
Q

What are kidney stones?

A

Objects made of chemicals such as salt and minerals

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27
Q

What are kidney failures?

A

When kidney stops working well

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28
Q

What should you do if you get kidney failure?

A

Treat them with dialysis or kidney transplant

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29
Q

What 4 substances do the bowman’s capsule filter?

A

Water, minerals, glucose, urea

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30
Q

What protects our body from viruses and bacteria?

A

The immune system

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31
Q

What are the harmful invaders that go into your body?

A

Pathogens

32
Q

What is the first line of defense in your body?

A

The skin

33
Q

What is something that your body creates that binds with harmful invaders?

A

Antibodies

34
Q

What produces antibodies?

A

B-Cells (Special WBCs)

35
Q

Where do B-Cells mature?

A

In the bone marrow

36
Q

What do the harmful invaders have?

A

Antigens

37
Q

How do antibodies bind with antigens?

A

Antibodies bind with antigens that have the same shape

38
Q

What molecule on the antigens determines what antibodies it can bind?

A

The Marker Molecule

39
Q

How many antibody type can one type of B-Cell produce?

A

1 antibody type

40
Q

What is it called when an antigen binds with an antibody?

A

Antibody-antigen reaction

41
Q

What happens when an antibody-antigen reaction happens?

A

The antibody can destroy the harmful antigen

42
Q

What is one type of special WBCs that can eat pathogens?

A

Macrophages

43
Q

What happens when a pathogen enters the body (bloodstream)?

A

Dendritic cells (special macrophages) consume the pathogen

44
Q

What happens after Dendritic cells consume the pathogen?

A

Information about the pathogen is sent to helper T cells by macrophages

45
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

Mature in thymus

46
Q

What type of blood are B-cells?

A

White blood cells

47
Q

What type of blood are helper T-cells?

A

White blood cells

48
Q

What happens after the information about pathogens is sent to helper T-cells?

A

Helper T-cells transfer information to B-cells

49
Q

What is when helper T-cells transfer information to B-cells called?

A

Cell-mediated immunity (Cell-mediated immune response)

50
Q

What happens after helper T-cells transfer information to B-cells?

A

B-cells create antibodies to fight the pathogen

51
Q

What is it called when B-cells create antibodies to fight the pathogen?

A

Humoral immunity (Humoral immune response)

52
Q

What is the process to destroy the pathogen in your body called?

A

Humoral immune response (process of protection)

53
Q

What is the function of B-cells?

A

Create antibodies

54
Q

What is the function of helper T-cells?

A

Stimulate B-cells to make antibodies and help killer cells develop

55
Q

What is the function of killer T-cells?

A

Kills infected cells

56
Q

What happens when a pathogen invades the cells?

A

Cells dissolve the pathogen and display parts of it around the cell membrane

57
Q

Why do cells display parts of the pathogen around the cell membrane?

A

For killer T-cells to recognize it and destroy the cell and pathogen

58
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

59
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

60
Q

What does HIV do?

A

Kills helper T-cells

61
Q

How does AIDS develop?

A

When HIV makes the body more susceptible to viruses

62
Q

What is a memory B-cell?

A

Recognize specific types of antigens and trigger faster and stronger when encountering it again

63
Q

How are memory B-cells created?

A

Developed after exposure and recognition of a specific antigen

64
Q

What do vaccines contain?

A

Parts of a dead or inactive strain of a virus

65
Q

What are allergies?

A

When the body overreacts to foreign substances

66
Q

What special proteins are anti-bodies?

A

Globulins

67
Q

What does the Humoral immune response target?

A

Extracellular pathogens like bacteria

68
Q

What did the Humoral immune response mostly use?

A

B-cells

69
Q

How does the Cell-mediated immune response react through?

A

Cell-pathogen contact

70
Q

What does the Cell-mediated immune response target?

A

Intracellular pathogens like viruses

71
Q

What does the Cell-mediated immune response use?

A

Killer T-cells

72
Q

What does extracellular mean?

A

Occurring outside a cell or the cells of the body

73
Q

What does intracellular mean?

A

Occurring within a cell

74
Q

What does B-cells stand for?

A

Bone marrow cells

75
Q

Where does T-cells form in?

A

Bone marrow

76
Q

Does antibodies have a high degree of diversity or not? (recognize a wide range of pathogens)

A

Have high degree of diversity

M2 Midterm (7 decks)

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