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Biology - Human Anatomy > Chapter 6 - PNS and CNS Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - PNS and CNS Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the blank: The nervous system is divided into the … system and the … system.

A
  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
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2
Q

What is the central nervous system composed of?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
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3
Q

What is the role of the central nervous system?

A
  • Integrates incoming info
  • Coordinates involuntary + voluntary nervous functions
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4
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

Ganglia + Spinal + Cranial nerves that branch from the CNS

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5
Q

What is the role of a spinal nerve?
Where does it end?
What does it carry?
How many are there?
List the 6 different parts of the spinal cord.

A
  • Take impulses to/away from the spinal cord + brain
  • Ends between the 1st + 2nd lumbar vertebrae
  • Sensory + motor fibers
  • 31 mixed pairs
  • Cervical - C8, Thoracic - T12, Lumbar - L5, Cauda equina - above L5, Sacral spinal nerves (S1-S5), Coccygeal
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6
Q

Where does a sensory fiber travel to and from?

A

Enters the dorsal side of the spinal cord through the dorsal root

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7
Q

Where does a motor neuron travel to and from?

A

Leaves the ventral side of the spinal cord through the ventral root

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8
Q

What is the role of a cranial nerve?
Where are they located?
How many are there?
Which pair of cranial nerves extends past the other 11 pairs?

A
  • Take electrical impulses to/from the brain
  • Located in the head + neck area
  • 12 pairs
  • Vagus nerves extend to the thoracic + abdominal cavities
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9
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Collections of nerve cell bodies

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10
Q

What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Keeps CNS in contact with the rest of the body

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11
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Excitable nerve cells that generate + transmit messages

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12
Q

What is a neuroglial cell?

A

Glial cells that provide structural support, growth factors + insulating sheaths around axons

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13
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundles of myelinated axons that connect the brain + spinal cord (CNS) to the rest of the body.

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14
Q

What type of movements does the somatic motor division of the PNS involve?

A

Voluntary movements

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15
Q

What type of movements does the autonomatic motor division of the PNS involve?

A

Involuntary movements - Cardiac + Smooth muscle glands + Digestive System

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16
Q

What are the 2 sub-categories of the autonomic motor division? What is the difference between the 2? How do they both work?

A
  • Parasympathetic (digest + defecate + diuresis) dominates during calming/relaxing times
  • Sympathetic (Fight or flight system + exercise + excitement + emergency + embarrassment) dominates during stressful times
  • Does not switch on or off but responds to info provided by the sensory system
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17
Q

Which type of muscle is the effector in somatic pathways?

A

Skeletal

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18
Q

Which type of muscle is the effector in autonomic pathways?

A

Smooth + cardiac glands

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19
Q

What is white matter? What is its role (in the brain)?

A

– Consists mostly of myelinated axons + dendrites
– Allows for communication between areas of the brain, and between the brain + spinal cord

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20
Q

What is gray matter (in the brain)?

A

Includes neuroglial cells, nerve cell bodies, and
unmyelinated axons

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21
Q

Where is the gray and white matter located in the brain?

A

Gray matter: outer tissue
White matter: inner tissue

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22
Q

What is white matter (in the spinal cord)?

A
  • Composed of myelinated axons
  • Sensory (afferent) tracts direct impulses toward
    brain
  • Motor (efferent) tracts carry impulses from brain to
    skeletal muscles
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23
Q

What is gray matter (in the spinal cord)? (3 points) - Explain pathway.

A
  • Composed of cell bodies
  • Dorsal horns contain interneurons (receive info from sensory neurons located in the dorsal root -housed in dorsal root ganglion)
  • Ventral horns contain motor neurons of the somatic (voluntary) nervous system (send info out the ventral root)
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24
Q

Where is the gray and white matter located in the spinal cord? 2 = gray + 1 = white.

A

Gray matter: inner tissue –> central canal where CSF is
White matter: outer tissue

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25
Q

Name 4 elements that protect the CNS.

A
  1. Bones of skull + vertebral column
  2. Meninges
  3. Cerebralspinal fluid
  4. Blood-brain barrier
26
Q

What are meninges composed of?

A

Three connective tissue membranes:
1. Dura mater - outermost layer
2. Arachnoid - middle layer
3. Pia mater - innermost layer

27
Q

Where are the meninges + CSF located together?

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid
  • CSF (fluid cushion)
  • Pia mater
28
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located? (3 points)

A
  • Space between meninges
  • Ventricles (internal cavities of brain)
  • Central canal (cavity within spinal cord)
29
Q

Describe the traveling process of the CSF. (2 points)

A
  • Formed in the ventricles and circulates from them to the central canal.
  • Eventually, it is reabsorbed through the blood.
30
Q

What are the 3 roles of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. Shock absorption
  2. Support
  3. Nourishment and waste removal
31
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

Formed by tight junctions between cells in the walls of capillaries supplying the CNS

32
Q

Name 2 roles of the blood-brain barrier.

A
  1. Protects the CNS by selecting the substances that
    can enter the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood
  2. Stops life-saving, infection-fighting, or tumor-suppressing drugs that are not lipid soluble from reaching brain tissue
33
Q

Which molecules pass through the blood-brain barrier more easily than others?

A

Lipid soluble molecules: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some hormones

34
Q

Which molecules have a hard time passing through the blood-brain barrier?

A

Hydrophilic (water-soluble) molecules: Glucose + amino acids

35
Q

List and describe the functions of the cerebrum.

A
  • Thinking + conscious part of the brain
  • 83% of total brain weight
  • Separated into 2 hemispheres (left + right)
36
Q

Describe the cerebrum’s 2 hemispheres. How do they work? (1-3 points)

A
  • Each hemisphere receives sensory information from
    and directs movements of the opposite side of the
    body
  • Each hemisphere has a thin outer layer called the
    cerebral cortex (white + gray matter)
37
Q

Locate the different lobes in the brain’s cerebral cortex.

A

Blue = Frontal lobe
Yellow = Parietal lobe
Green = Temporal lobe
Grey = Cerebellum
Red = Occipital lobe

38
Q

What is the frontal lobe known for?

A
  • Speech
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Frontal association area
  • Central sulcus (connector)
39
Q

What is the role of the Corpus Callosum?

A

It allows the right and left hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each either.

40
Q

List 4 parts of the brain that are in the limbic system.

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
41
Q

What is the role of the limbic system? (3 points)

A
  • Involves brain structures that produce emotions + memory (amygdala + hippocampus)
  • Short-term memory: holds a small amount of
    information for a few seconds or minutes
  • Long-term memory: stores limitless amounts of
    information for hours, days, or years
42
Q

List 2 roles of the thalamus.(2 points)

A
  • Relays all sensory info of the brain except for smell
  • Directs motor activity, cortical arousal, and
    memory
43
Q

List 3 roles of the hypothalamus. (3 points)

A
  • Maintains homeostasis (regulating blood pressure,
    heart rate, breathing rate, digestion, and body
    temperature)
  • Coordinates the nervous and endocrine systems by affecting the pituitary gland
  • Regulates emotions
44
Q

What is the temporal lobe known for? (3 points)

A
  • Hearing
  • Smell
  • Understanding of language
45
Q

What is the occipital lobe known for? (1 point)

A

Visual association + Vision

46
Q

What is the parietal lobe known for? (4 points)

A
  • Primary sensory area
  • Taste
  • Reading
  • Somatic association area (voluntary reflex –> stimulate skeletal muscles)
47
Q

What is the Reticular Activating System (RAS)? (2 points)

A
  • A network of neurons that runs through the medulla (brain stem) and projects to the cerebral cortex
  • Filters sensory input and keeps the cerebral cortex in an alert state
48
Q

What does the cerebral cortex contain? (1-1, 1-2, 1-2)

A

Contains 3 areas:

Sensory:
- Primary somatosensory area receives sensory
information from the body

Motor:
- Primary motor area controls the skeletal muscles
- Premotor cortex coordinates learned motor skills

Association:
- Communicate with the sensory area, motor areas,
and other parts of the brain –> analyze + act on
sensory input
- Prefrontal cortex enables us to reason and think

49
Q

List 3 roles of the cerebellum. (4 points)

A
  • Integrates information from the motor cortex and sensory pathways to produce voluntary movements
  • Compares actual position of a body part to where it ought to be
  • Predicts future positions of a body part during a movement
  • Controls equilibrium and posture
50
Q

List 3 parts of the brain that belongs in the brain stem.

A
  • Midbrain
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
51
Q

List 2 roles of the Medulla Oblongata.

A
  • Has reflex centers to regulate the rhythm of breathing, force and rate of the heartbeat, and blood pressure
  • Serves as the pathway for:
    Sensory messages going to the higher brain
    centers
    Motor messages leaving the brain
52
Q

List 2 roles of the Midbrain.

A
  • Processes sensory info (sights + sounds)
  • Controls simple reflex responses to the sensory info stimuli
53
Q

List 2 roles of the Pons (bridge).

A
  • Connects the spinal cord and cerebellum with the
    cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus
  • Helps the medulla in regulating
    respiration
54
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Rapid + predictable + involuntary + unlearned motor responses to stimuli

55
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

Regulates growth + metabolism + reproduction through the production of hormones.

56
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Reflexes that occur over neural pathways

57
Q

What is a somatic reflex?

A
  • Reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles
  • Voluntary
58
Q

What is an autosomatic reflex (role)?

A
  • Regulate the activity of smooth muscles, the heart,
    and glands
  • Involuntary
59
Q

Explain the 5 steps of a reflex arc.

A
  1. Sensory receptor - reacts to a stimulus + produces a receptor
  2. Sensory neuron - carries message/receptor to the integration
    center
  3. Integration center/Interneuron (CNS) - processes information + directs motor output
  4. Motor neuron - carries message to an effector
  5. Effector organ - is the muscle/gland to be stimulated
60
Q

Where and what are the sensory receptors in the pupillary reflex?
Where and what are the effectors in this pathway?
Which structure of the brain integrates the sensory information in this reflex?

A
  • Photoreceptors react to the light = receptors
  • Iris becomes smaller = effectors
  • The midbrain
61
Q

What is coma caused by?

A

By trauma to neurons in regions of the brain responsible for stimulating the cerebrum (reticular activating system)

Biology - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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