NEPHROLOGY

Question 1

Drugs for HTN

Answer 1

-ACE/ARB, thiazide, CCB

*ACE/ARB for DM and CKD

Question 2

List 4 causes of HYPOkalemia

Answer 2

HTN
1) primary aldosteronism (hypertension, urine [Cl–] >40 mEq/L, low plasma renin activity, and elevated aldosterone level)

Normal BP
2) Bartter syndrome (normal BP, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and elevated renin and aldosterone levels)
3) Gitelman syndrome (normal BP, hypokalemia, and hypomaGnesemia)
4) inhaled β2-agonists (may lead to hypokalemia in certain clinical settings)

Question 3

NAGMA + hyperkalemia = ?

Answer 3

NAGMA plus HYPERkalemia
-kidney failure (AKI or CKD)
-type 4 RTA (hypoaldosteronism)

Question 4

NAGMA + hypokalemia = ?

Answer 4

NAGMA plus HYPOkalemia
-diarrhea
-RTA (type 1 or type 2)