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EDC 235: Child Growth & Development > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are mental operations

A

the mental process of combining, separating, or transforming information in a logical manner

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2
Q

What is the preoperational stage

A

the stage of thinking between infancy and middle childhood in which children are unable to decenter their thinking or to think through the consequences of an action

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3
Q

What is centration

A

young children’s tendency to only focus on one feature of an object to the exclusion of all other features

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4
Q

What is decentration

A

the cognitive ability to pull away from focusing on just one feature of an object in order to consider multiple features

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5
Q

What is objectivity

A

the mental distancing made possible by decentration; Piaget believed the attainment of objectivity to be the major achievement in cognitive development

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6
Q

What are the three most common errors in early childhood reasoning

A

egocentrism, confusing appearance & reality, and precausal reasoning

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7
Q

What is egocentrism

A

the tendency to “center on oneself–that is, to consider the world entirely in terms of one’s own point of view

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8
Q

How do children confuse appearance an reality

A

explains why children become frightened when someone puts on a scary halloween mask

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9
Q

What is precausal thinking

A

piaget’s description of reasoning of young children that does not follow the procedures of either deductive or inductive reasoning; children don’t always understand that causes precede their effects

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10
Q

What is assimilation

A

it involves using current schemes to interpret the external world

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11
Q

What is accomodation

A

it involves creating new schemes or adjusting old ones to produce a better fit within the environmen t

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12
Q

What is adaptation

A

refers to using newly acquired info to revise and redevelop an existing schema

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13
Q

What is organization

A

an internal process of rearranging and linking together schemes to form a strongly interconnected cognitive system

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14
Q

What are schemes (schema)

A

patterns of repeated behavior which allow children to explore and express developing ideas and thoughts through their play and exploration

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15
Q

What is disequilibrium

A

refers to our inability to fit new information into our schema

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16
Q

What did Piaget believe about preoperational thinking

A

that young children fall into error and confusion because they are unable to engage in true mental operations

17
Q

what are concrete operations

A

Piaget’s term for coordinated mental actions that allow children to mentally combine, separate, order, and transform concrete objects and events that the children experience directly

18
Q

What are the key characteristics of pre-operational, concrete-operational and formal thinking?

A

pre-operational thinking involves centration as it relates to egocentrism, confusing appearance & reality, and precausal thinking
concrete-operational thinking involves conservation, classification, planning, and metacognition
Formal thinking involves reasoning by systematically manipulating variables, using hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and judging argument based on logical form alone

19
Q

What is conservation

A

an example of a concrete operation; the understanding that the amount of a liquid remains unchanged when poured from one container into another that has different dimensions

20
Q

What is logical necessity

A

Children have acquired the conviction that
it is logically necessary for certain qualities to be conserved despite changes in appearance.

21
Q

What is identity

A

Children realize that if nothing has been added or
subtracted, the amount must remain the same.

22
Q

What is reversability

A

Children realize that certain operations can
negate, or reverse, the effects of others.

23
Q

What is identity

A

Children realize that if nothing has been added or
subtracted, the amount must remain the same.

24
Q

What is classification

A

a change associated with concrete operations in the ability to understand the relationship between a subordinate class and its subclasses

25
Q

What is planning

A

Forming mental representations of actions needed to achieve a goal

26
Q

What is metacognition

A

the ability to think one’s own thinking; it increases ability to track goal success and modify strategies

27
Q

What are formal operations

A

In Piaget’s terms, mental operations in which all possible combinations are considered when solving a problem. Consequently, each partial link is grouped in relationship to the whole; in other words, reasoning moves continually as a function of a structured whole

28
Q

What is hypothetical deductive reasoning

A

reasoning that involves the ability to judge an argument entirely on the basis of its logical form, regardless of whether the argument is true; a central part of scientific thinking within formal operations

29
Q

What is distributed cognition

A

the interaction of people, tools, and artifacts situated in a sociocultural context; processes distributed across time, space, society, artifacts, tools

30
Q

What are scripts

A

event schemas that specify who participates, what social roles they play, what objects they are to use, and the sequence of actions that make up the event (ex: what happens when you sit down at a restaurant)

31
Q

What is general cognition

A

how children use the same operations (logic) across different tasks or activities

32
Q

What is situated cognition

A

the knowledge that a person has as a result of their context and culture; children performed well with familiar versus unfamiliar material

33
Q

What is a material cultural tool

A

Focus on physical objects or on observable patterns of behavior

34
Q

What is a symbolic cultural tool

A

Focus on abstract knowledge, beliefs, and values affecting development; vary from culture to culture

35
Q

What is mediation

A

Process through which tools organize children’s activities and ways of relating to their environments

36
Q

What is the zone of proximal development

A

is the range of abilities that an individual can perform with assistance but cannot yet perform independently.

37
Q

What is culture

A

Materials and symbolic tools that accumulate through time, are passed on through social processes, and provide resources for the developing child

EDC 235: Child Growth & Development (4 decks)

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