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New cardio > Clinically relevant anatomy of the heart > Flashcards

Clinically relevant anatomy of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical name for the root of the lung?

A

Hilum

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2
Q

What is contained in the hilum of the lung?

A

Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Main bronchus
Pulmonary lymphatic vessels and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
Pulmonary visceral affronts and autonomic motor nerves

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3
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve pass in relation to the hilum?

A

Anterior to the lung hilum

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4
Q

Where does the vagus nerve pass in relation to the hilum?

A

Posterior to the lung hilum

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5
Q

What are the 2 main layers of the pericardial sac?

A

Fibrous pericardium - Outermost layer
Serous pericardium - Innermost layer

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6
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Visceral serous pericardium - Lines heart
Parietal serous pericardium - Lines inside of fibrous pericardium

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7
Q

What is contained in the pericardial sac?

A

Pericardial fluid

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8
Q

What is meant by cardiac tamponade?

A

A build up of fluid in the pericardial sac, increasing pressure and thus preventing cardiac contraction

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9
Q

What is meant by haemopericardium?

A

Filling of the pericardium with blood

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10
Q

What is involved in a pericardiocentesis?

A

Drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity

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11
Q

How would you perform a pericardiocentesis?

A

Insertion of a needle at the infrasternal angle, which is then directed superoposteriorly, aspirating continuously

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12
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

A space within the pericardial cavity
It lies posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, and anterior to the superior vena cava

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13
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?

A

Anterior (Sternocostal) surface
Base (Posterior) surface
Inferior (Diaphragmatic) surface

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14
Q

What are the 4 borders of the heart?

A

Right lateral border
Left lateral border
Inferior border
Superior border

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15
Q

What is cardiomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the heart

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16
Q

Where can the apex of the heart be palpated?

A

At the midclavicular line of the 5th left intercostal space

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17
Q

What will happen to the cardiac apex in cardiomegaly?

A

The apex beat will often shift to the left

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18
Q

Which 2 veins drain into the Superior vena cava?

A

Right Brachiocephalic vein
Left Brachiocephalic vein

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19
Q

What 2 veins drain into the right brachiocephalic vein?

A

Right Subclavian Vein
Right Internal Jugular Vein

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20
Q

Where is the right venous angle found?

A

Between the right internal jugular vein and the right brachiocephalic vein

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21
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta
Arch of the aorta
Descending aorta

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22
Q

What are the 2 regions of the descending aorta?

A

Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta

23
Q

What are the first 2 branches of the aorta?

A

left and right coronary arteries from the aortic sinuses

24
Q

What are the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta?

A

Right brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

25
Q

What are the 2 branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery

26
Q

What are auricles?

A

Extensions of the left and right atria that allow for maximal filling

27
Q

What is marked by the anterior interventricular groove?

A

The boundary between the 2 ventricles on the anterior surface

28
Q

What is marked by the coronary groove?

A

The surface marking for the tricuspid valve and the boundary between the right atrium and right ventricle on the anterior surface

29
Q

What coronary artery branch is found in the anterior inter-ventricular groove?

A

The Left Anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery

30
Q

Which artery is found in the coronary groove?

A

Right coronary artery

31
Q

Which vein drains into the Superior vena cava after the joining of the right and left BC?

A

Azygous vein

32
Q

What is marked by the posterior inter-ventricular groove?

A

The boundary between the 2 ventricles on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart

33
Q

What vessels travel in the posterior inter-ventricular groove?

A

Posterior inter-ventricular artery
Posterior inter-ventricular vein

34
Q

What is marked by the inter arterial groove?

A

The boundary between the 2 atria on the posterior of the heart

35
Q

What is the function of the coronary sinus?

A

It drains deoxygenated blood from the myocardium and into the right atrium

36
Q

What does the coronary sinus mark the boundary of?

A

The base or diaphragmatic surfaces of the heart

37
Q

What are the 4 branches of the right coronary artery that we should know?

A

Right marginal artery - supplies right margin
Posterior inter ventricular artery
Atrioventricular nodal artery
Sino-Atrial nodal artery

38
Q

What are the 4 branches of the left coronary artery that we should know?

A

Circumflex artery - Anastomoses with posterior inter-ventricular artery
Left Anterior Descending artery
Left Marginal artery
Lateral (Diagonal) branch

39
Q

What layer are the coronary arteries found?

A

Just deep in the epicardium, embedded in adipose tissue

40
Q

What name is given to the part of the septum between the 2 atria?

A

Interatrial septum

41
Q

What name is given to the part of the septum between the 2 ventricles?

A

Interventricular septum

42
Q

What is an atrial septal defect?

A

A hole in the interarterial septum

43
Q

What is a ventricular septal defect?

A

A hole in the inter-ventricular septum

44
Q

What is meant by hypoxaemia?

A

Lower than normal arterial blood oxygen levels

45
Q

What are the risks associated with a septal defect?

A

A ‘hole’ in the septum can allow mixed arterial and venous blood, therefore reducing the oxygen content of the systemic arterial blood (Hypoxaemia)

46
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

A depression in the inferior aspect of the right atrial septum

47
Q

Which 3 vessels enter into the right atrium?

A

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena cava
Coronary Sinus

48
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the atria?

A

Rough - contains Trabeculae carnae
Smooth

49
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

A muscular ridge between the smooth and rough surfaces of the right atrium

50
Q

What shape of valve is found in the semi-lunar valves?

A

Crescent shaped valves

51
Q

What shape of valve is found in the atria-ventricular valves?

A

Leaflet (Leaf-shaped) valves

52
Q

What connects the valve leaflets to the papillary muscles?

A

Chordae tendineae

53
Q

What is the function of the moderator band or septomarginal trabecular?

A

It is an extension of one of the papillary muscles
The furthest papillary muscle from the valve can receive a signal late and so the valve could prolapse
The moderator band provides a shortcut for the electrical signal in order to prevent this

New cardio (28 decks)

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