unit 3 cellular process

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

all of the chemical reactions in an organism

Question 2

Metabolic pathways

Answer 2

series of chemical reactions that either build complex molecules or break down complex molecules

Question 3

catabolic pathways

Answer 3

Pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Question 4

Anabolic Pathways

Answer 4

Pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds

Question 5

Kinetic energy

Answer 5

energy in motion

Question 6

Thermal energy

Answer 6

Heat energy, associated with the movement of atoms or molecules

Question 7

Potential energy

Answer 7

stored energy

Question 8

chemical energy

Answer 8

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Question 9

Organisms obtain energy by ___ the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate in a _____ reaction

Answer 9

breaking, hydrolysis

Question 10

Phosphorylation

Answer 10

the released phosphate moves to another molecule to give energy

Question 11

Enzymes

Answer 11

macromolecules that catalyze (speed up) reactions by lowering the activation energy

Question 12

Induced fit

Answer 12

enzymes will change the shape of their active site to allow the substrate to bind better

Question 13

The efficiency of enzymes can be affected by

Answer 13

temperature, pH, chemicals

Question 14

Cofactors

Answer 14

nonprotein enzyme helpers
- Inorganic cofactors consist of metals
-Can be bound loosely or tightly

Question 15

Holoenzyme

Answer 15

enzyme with its cofactor

Question 16

coenzymes

Answer 16

organic cofactors (vitamins)

Question 17

competitive inhibitors

Answer 17

reduce enzyme activity by blocking substrates by binding to the active site

Question 18

noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 18

bind to the allosteric site which changes the shape of the active site preventing substrates from binding

Question 19

allosteric activator

Answer 19

substrate binds to allosteric site and stabilizes the shape of the enzyme in order for the active site to remain open

Question 20

allosteric inhibitor

Answer 20

substrate binds to the allosteric site and stabilizes the shape of the enzyme so that the active sites are closed

Question 21

cooperativity

Answer 21

substrate binds to active site which stabilizes the active form

Question 22

autotrophs vs heterotrophs

Answer 22

auto: organisms that produce their own food from simple substances
hetero: organisms unable to make their own food so they live off other organisms

Question 23

cyanobacteria

Answer 23

early prokaryotes capable of photosynthesis

Question 24

whats the location of photosynthesis

Answer 24

chloroplast

Question 25

whats the formula for photosynthesis?

Answer 25

6CO2+6H2O+light–>C6H12O6+6O2

Question 26

oxidation is the ____ of electrons
reduction is the ___ of electrons

Answer 26

• loss
• gain

Question 27

where do light dependent reaction occur in?

Answer 27

thylakoid

Question 28

inputs and outputs of light dependent reactions

Answer 28

inputs: h20, adp, nadp+
outputs: o2, atp, nadph

Question 29

where does the calvin cycle take place

Answer 29

stroma

Question 30

inputs and outputs of calvin cycle

Answer 30

inputs: 3CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
outputs: 1 G3P, 6 ADP, 6 NADP+

Question 31

3 steps of calvin cycle

Answer 31

1. carbon fixation
2. reduction
3. regeneration of RuBp

Question 32

formula for cellular respiration

Answer 32

C6H12O6+6O2-> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

Question 33

1. glycolysis

Answer 33

inputs: c6h12o6 + 2ATP
outputs: 2NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecule)

Question 34

pyruvate oxidation

Answer 34

inputs: 2 pyruvate, NAD+
outputs: 2 acetyl CoA, 6NADH, 2Co2

Question 35

krebs cycle

Answer 35

inputs: 2 acetyl CoA, NAD+. FADH, ADP
outputs: 2FADH2, 2 ATP, 6NADH, 4CO2

Question 36

electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

Answer 36

inputs: FADH, NADH
outputs: 26-28 ATP

Question 37

name where the processes of cellular respiration occur

Answer 37

1. glycolysis: cytosal
2. pyruvate oxidation: mitochondrial matrix
3. krebs cycle: mitochondrial matrix
4. oxidative phosphorylation: inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 38

how do organisms produce ATP without the absence of oxygen?

Answer 38

fermentation and anaerobic respiration (prokaryotes)

Question 39

alcohol fermentation vs lactic fermentation

Answer 39

alcohol: pyruvate is converted to ethanol
lactic: pyruvate forms into lactate