Disorders and syndromes

Question 1

Panic Disorder

Answer 1

Recurrent panic attacks (1-30 min). With or without agoraphobia (anxiety in certain situations/places).

Question 2

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 2

No fear for specific placer/situations/objects. Less intense anxiety but its there all the time.

Question 3

Phobia

Answer 3

A persistent, irrational fear of an object or situation. High level of anxiety in response.

Question 4

Social anxiety disorder

Answer 4

Sever anxiety in public situations. Fear of being evaluated by others.

Question 5

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 5

Thoughts (often fear of hurting others) or impulses (compulsions) that persist and cannot be dismissed. Biological factors are the biggest cause.

Question 6

Post traumatic stress disorder

Answer 6

Is caused by witnessing/being exposed to trauma severe enough to be outside the range of normal human experience. Causes nightmares, flashbacks, panic attacks etc.

Question 7

Suicide: process, risk factors, assessment, common?

Answer 7

Process: ideation -> planning -> attempting -> committing
More common in low income countries and in men. Most often by firearms, poison and knives.
Risk factors: other disorders, male, impulsive behaviour, dark history etc.
Risk assessment: sucide staircase, sad person scale etc.

Question 8

Psychosis

Answer 8

The person is not able to percieve reality. Hallucinations or delusions. Can occur after medication, drug abuse, lon time with no sleep etc.

Question 9

Scizophrenic spectrum disorder (Schizophrenia)

Answer 9

Common with comorbidity. Often caused by genetics, birth injuries and head trauma. Drugs give a lot of side effects, however no treatment is worse. DSM 5.

Question 10

Depression: different types, cause?

Answer 10

Major depressive disorder (mild, moderate or severe).
Persistent = dysthymia.
Chronic = lower severity, but persistent.
Cause: imbalance in serotonin and norepinephrine, genetics, childhood stress etc.

Question 11

Bipolar disorder: different types, cause?

Answer 11

Depression - euthymia - hypomania - mania
Cause: strong genetic disposition.
Bipolar I: more manic.
Bipolar II: more dperessive and hypomanic episodes mostly.

Question 12

Neurodevelopmental disorder

Answer 12

Established condition of symptoms (communication, intellectual, attention deficit etc). Not always permannent.

Question 13

Three models

Answer 13

Medical/individual model: diability situated in the individual, a peronal tragedy. Learn to live with it.
Social model: disability is caused by social barriers (attitudes, discrimination, structural problems). Disability is a social contruct.
Relative model/biopsycosocial model: disability is a product of the individual and society.

Question 14

Neurodevelopmental disability

Answer 14

Difficulties, but not an established disorder. Often seen as learning difficulties. Children often have high intelligence. Can be caused in geneteics, drinking while pregnant etc.

Question 15

Autism spectrum disorder: different categories, symptoms, criteria, cause?

Answer 15

More common in boys. An umbrella term for all symptoms (most often social communication and restricted/repetitive behaviours).
Categorized by: mild (require support), moderate (impairments apparent even with support), severe (substantial support, severe deficits).
Criteria: symptoms present in childhood and cause significant impairments. Can not be explained in another way.
Risk factors: twins, sibling with autism, genetics, older parents, preterm birth.
DSM 5, ICD 10/11

Question 16

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: cause, girls, risk factors, specifications, ranking?

Answer 16

Impairment in attention and activity (hyper). Often with comorbidity (anxiety, depression, autism etc)
Girls have more masked symptoms, that often are more apparent at home. Often late diagnosed.
Cause: environment, genetics, different brain-function (low dopamine and norepinephrine).
Risk factors: twins, sibling with autism, genetics, older parents, preterm birth.
Either predominantly inattentive/hyperactive or combined.
Mild (minor symptoms), moderate (between), severe (many symptoms).

Question 17

Substance use disorder: consequences, cause, certain risks, treatment?

Answer 17

Abuse vs addiction. Often comorbidity (depression, anxiety, ADHD, suicide-risk etc)
Consequences: changed brain function (esp younger), criminality, family (child neglect etc), unemployment etc.
Cause: genetics, psychological, socicultural.
Certain risks: depends in the ingestion-type.
Withdrawal symptoms, sometimes delirium (severe -> can lead to death).
Treatment: pharmacological, CBT, social programs.