Exam 2

Question 1

True or false: all animals have 4 chambered hearts

Answer 1

false

Question 2

in which phase would the AV valve be CLOSED, and the semilunar valves be OPEN?
A). atrial and ventricular diastole
B). atrial systole, ventricular diastole
C). ventricular systole, atrial diastole

Answer 2

B). atrial systole, ventricular diastole

Question 3

Left vs right heart sound and timing
reason for (no) difference?

Answer 3

left: same
right: same
reason: it is the same heart and each beat effects both sides

Question 4

Left vs right heart stroke volume
reason for (no) difference?

Answer 4

left: same
right: same
reason: same volumes in both sides of heart

Question 5

Left vs right heart peak ventricular systolic pressure
reason for (no) difference?

Answer 5

left: higher than right
right: lower than left
reason: the left has higher pressure in general

Question 6

Left vs right heart pulse pressure
reason for (no) difference?

Answer 6

left: BLANK
right: BLANK
reason: BLANK

Question 7

Left vs right heart aortic vs pulmonary pressure
reason for (no) difference?

Answer 7

left: (aortic) higher pressure
right: (pulmonary) lower pressure
reason: BLANK

Question 8

Left vs right heart when the AV valve is closed
reason for (no) difference?

Answer 8

left: BLANK
right: BLANK
reason: BLANK

Question 9

Left vs right heart timing of electrical events
reason for (no) difference?

Answer 9

left: same
right: same
reason: same heart = same timing

Question 10

You are a red blood cell being swept along in the blood; the partial pressure of oxygen is 40mm Hg and CO2 is 46mm Hg. you are in the heart when suddenly you hear a door slam behind you, where are you?

Answer 10

the right ventricle

Question 11

How is blood flow regulated in: muscle
how much does it change during exercise?

Answer 11

local control
x10 increase

Question 12

How is blood flow regulated in: heart
how much does it change during exercise?

Answer 12

local control
x3 increase

Question 13

How is blood flow regulated in: brain
how much does it change during exercise?

Answer 13

local control
no change

Question 14

How is blood flow regulated in: kidney
how much does it change during exercise?

Answer 14

hormonal and nerve control
x0.5 increase

Question 15

Vessels with the highest blood pressure?
A). Systemic arterioles
B). systemic arteries
C). systemic veins
D). capillaries
E). pulmonary veins

Answer 15

B). systemic arteries

Question 16

vessels carrying blood with the lowest pO2?
A). Systemic arterioles
B). systemic arteries
C). systemic veins
D). capillaries
E). pulmonary veins

Answer 16

C). systemic veins

Question 17

where most exchange of nutrients occurs?
A). Systemic arterioles
B). systemic arteries
C). systemic veins
D). capillaries
E). pulmonary veins

Answer 17

D). capillaries

Question 18

primary resistance vessels?
A). Systemic arterioles
B). systemic arteries
C). systemic veins
D). capillaries
E). pulmonary veins

Answer 18

A). Systemic arterioles

Question 19

if all neural input into the heart was removed what will happen?

Answer 19

increase in heart rate

Question 20

calculate cardiac output in a woman with mean arterial pressure of 85mm Hg, stroke volume of 75mL/beat, flow velocity of 500mm/sec, heart rate of 70 beats/min

Answer 20

5.25L/min

work: (70beat/min * 75mL/beat)/1000L/mL = 5.25L/min

Question 21

osmotic pressure in the arterial and venous end of the capillary

Answer 21

same for both

Question 22

blood pressure in the arterial and venous end of the capillary

Answer 22

arteriole: higher than osmotic
venous: lower than osmotic

Question 23

total pressure and direction of flow in the arterial and venous end of the capillary

Answer 23

arteriole: 11mmHg out of cap
venous: 9mmHg into cap

Question 24

the problem of insufficient surface area to volume ratio in mammals is primarily resolved by:
A). increasing speed of diffusion
B). increasing surface area in specific organ systems
C). regulating surface area by the nervous system

Answer 24

B). increasing surface area in specific organ systems

Question 25

explain how an increase in parasympathetic input to the heart will change the heart rate (mechanistically what produces the change in heart rate?)

Question 26

If the blood pressure drops below normal what directional changes will happen to..
heart rate
stroke volume
venous return
parasympathetic activity
sympathetic activity and epinephrine

Answer 26

heart rate increase
stroke volume increase
venous return increase
parasympathetic activity decrease
sympathetic activity and epinephrine increase

Question 27

explain the difference between anatomical dead space and residual volume

Question 28

calculate the following volume per min for an individual with a tidal volume of 300mL and a breathing frequency of 30 breaths per min

Total ventilation volume:
dead space ventilation:
alveolar ventilation:

Answer 28

Total ventilation volume: BLANK
dead space ventilation: 4.5L/min
alveolar ventilation: BLANK

Question 29

calculate the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level and on a high mountain (350mm Hg)
sea level:
high mountain:

Answer 29

sea level: 760mmHg * 0.21 = 159.6 mmHg
high mountain: 350mmHg * 0.21 = 73.5mmHg

need to know that O2 concentration is 21% and that normal atm is 760mmHg

Question 30

Which would change most of a high mountain compared to sea level?
A). Alveolar pO2
B). Alveolar pCO2
C). percentage of O2 in air
D). percentage of CO2 in air
E). both A and C

Answer 30

A). Alveolar pO2

Question 31

the partial pressure of oxygen is likely to be greater for blood in the…
A). pulmonary artery than the pulmonary vein
B). systemic artery than the systemic veins
C). pulmonary veins than systemic veins
D). A and B
E). B and C

Answer 31

E). B and C

Question 32

carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin at the same binding site (iron) as oxygen. if you were to breathe carbon monoxide which of the following would decrease the most during the first minute?
A). Alveolar pO2
B). Alveolar pCO2
C). arterial pO2
D). arterial pCO2
E). total O2 carried in the blood

Answer 32

E). total O2 carried in the blood

Question 33

the normal respiratory rate under resting conditions is primarily regulated by __________ acting at the _____________chemorecpetors

Answer 33

CO2
BLANK

Question 34

during intense exercise the respiratory rate will ___________ primarily due to _________ acting at the _________ chemoreceptors

Answer 34

increase
lactic acid (drop in pH)
BLANK

Question 35

what are the two hormones that regulate the balance of calcium homeostasis? what endocrine gland secretes each of them?

Question 36

during conditions of LOW blood calcium, how does each of the following organs help restore blood calcium concentrations to normal amounts?

Kidney?
Intestines?
Bone?

Answer 36

Kidney: BLANK
Intestines: increased absorption of calcium
Bone: osteoclasts break down bone

Question 37

estrogen is known to preserve bone tissue n women, what happens in each of the following bone cells when women go through menopause?

Osteocytes?
osteoblasts?
osteoclasts?

Answer 37

Osteocytes: degrade by osteoclasts
osteoblasts: decrease production, reduce making bone
osteoclasts: increases production, degrade more bone

Question 38

_________secrete RANK-L which binds to the ________ receptors on the _________ which ________ bone mass. ________ secrete osteoprotegerin which binds to the ______ receptors on the ________ leading to ______ bone mass. under normal physiological conditions, osteoblast and osteoclast signaling is ________, but under abnormal physiological conditions, like cancer that metastasizes to bone, osteoblast and osteoclast signaling is __________

Answer 38

Osteoblasts, RANK, BLANK, decrease, BLANK, RANK, osteoclasts, increased, coupled, uncoupled.