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BM108: Organisms and Diseases > Block E Part 4: Water Balance and the Renal System > Flashcards

Block E Part 4: Water Balance and the Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 purposes of the renal system?

A

Formation of urine for the elimination of waste
Regulation of blood volume and pressure
Regulation of plasma ion concentrations
Regulation of blood pH
(Lecture 4, Slide 3)

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2
Q

How does the renal system regulate blood volume and pressure?

A

By adjusting the volume of water lost in urine
(Lecture 4, Slide 3)

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3
Q

How does the renal system regulate plasma ion concentrations?

A

By regulating quantities of ion lost in urine
(Lecture 4, Slide 3)

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4
Q

How does the renal system regulate blood pH?

A

By controlling loss of H+ and HCO3- ions in urine
(Lecture 4, Slide 3)

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5
Q

What 4 organs does the renal system contain?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
(Lecture 4, Slide 5)

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6
Q

Where do kidneys receive their arterial blood supply from?

A

The renal artery
(Lecture 4, Slide 7)

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7
Q

What are the 2 distinct regions of urine production in the kidney?

A

The renal medulla and the renal cortex
(Lecture 4, Slide 7)

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8
Q

Where does urine drain into from the kidney?

A

Into the renal pelvis > ureter > urinary bladder > urethra
(Lecture 4, Slide 7)

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9
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron
(Lecture 4, Slide 7)

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10
Q

How many cells thick if the nephron?

A

1
(Lecture 4, Slide 8)

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11
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

Several million
(Lecture 4, Slide 8)

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12
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
(Lecture 4, Slide 8)

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13
Q

Where are the different sections of nephrons located in the kidney?

A

The renal corpuscle, proximal and distal convoluted tubes are located in the cortex

The loops of Henle and collecting ducts are located in the medulla
(Lecture 4, Slide 9)

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14
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsules
(Lecture 4, Slide 10)

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15
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

A cluster of capillary loops enclosed by Bowman’s capsule
(Lecture 4, Slide 10)

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16
Q

How does blood enter and leave the renal corpuscle?

A

Enters via afferent arterioles and then leaves via efferent arterioles
(Lecture 4, Slide 10)

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17
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

The first segment of renal tubule
(Lecture 4, Slide 11)

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18
Q

Where does the convoluted portion of the proximal convoluted tubule lead to?

A

A straight segment that descends into the medulla and becomes the loop of Henle
(Lecture 4, Slide 11)

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19
Q

What does the loop of Henle form?

A

A hair-pain structure that dips into the medulla and then ascends towards the cortex parallel to the descending limb
(Lecture 4, Slide 11)

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20
Q

What is the structure of the distal convoluted tubule compared to the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

It is shorter and less convoluted than the proximal convoluted tubule
(Lecture 4, Slide 11)

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21
Q

Where does the initial segment of the distal convoluted tubule lie next to?

A

The glomerulus
(Lecture 4, Slide 11)

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22
Q

What is the initial segment of the distal convoluted tubule known as?

A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
(Lecture 4, Slide 11)

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23
Q

What 4 processes occur in the nephron?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
(Lecture 4, Slide 14)

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24
Q

What are filtered from the body in filtration?

A

Small solutes and water
(Lecture 4, Slide 15)

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25
Q

Where do the small solutes and water enter after being filtrated from the body?

A

The lumen of an excretory tubule
(Lecture 4, Slide 15)

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26
Q

Where are useful solutes and most of the water transported to in reabsorption?

A

Across the epithelial layer of the excretory tubule and returned to the body fluid
(Lecture 4, Slide 15)

27
Q

What is actively removed from the body fluids in secretion?

A

Additional unwanted solutes
(Lecture 4, Slide 15)

28
Q

Where do the additional unwanted solutes removed in secretion enter?

A

The lumen of the excretory tubule
(Lecture 4, Slide 15)

29
Q

What occurs in excretion?

A

A portion of the filtrate, including wastes, gets excreted as urine
(Lecture 4, Slide 15)

30
Q

What is the primary site of blood filtration?

A

The renal cortex
(Lecture 4, Slide 16)

31
Q

Where does the filtrate become concentrated by reabsorption?

A

The renal medulla
(Lecture 4, Slide 16)

32
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

Blood (plasma) is filtered into the renal tubule from the glomerulus to form filtrate
(Lecture 4, Slide 17)

33
Q

What forces fluid into the renal tubule from the golmerulus?

A

High blood pressure
(Lecture 4, Slide 17)

34
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

The rate of filtrate production
(Lecture 4, Slide 17)

35
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) controlled by?

A

Dilation or constriction of afferent arterioles
(Lecture 4, Slide 17)

36
Q

What is the descending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to?

A

Water and urea, but not solutes
(Lecture 4, Slide 19)

37
Q

How does passive water reabsorption in the descending limb of the loop of Henle occur?

A

By osmosis
(Lecture 4, Slide 19)

38
Q

What does osmosis in the descending limb of the loop of Henle require and why?

A

Interstitial fluid (fluid found in spaces around cells) to be hypertonic (high solute conc and low water conc compared to body fluid) so movement of water can occur
(Lecture 4, Slide 19)

39
Q

How does hypertonicity and osmolarity of interstitial fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle occur?

A

Due to ion movement in the ascending loop
(Lecture 4, Slide 19)

40
Q

What is the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle permeable to?

A

Solutes but not to water
(Lecture 4, Slide 20)

41
Q

Where does passive sodium chloride reabsorption occur in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

In the thin segment
(Lecture 4, Slide 20)

42
Q

Where does active sodium chloride reabsorption occur in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

In the thick segment
(Lecture 4, Slide 20)

43
Q

What contributes to the medullary osmotic gradient?

A

Urea recycling
(Lecture 4, Slide 20)

44
Q

What controls the presence of aquaporin (water) channels in the collecting duct?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) (when it’s active they are present)
(Lecture 4, Slide 21)

45
Q

What is the countercurrent multiplier?

A

An active process occurring in the loops of Henle, which increases solute and ions in the interstitium of the medulla
(Lecture 4, Slide 22)

46
Q

What does the countercurrent multiplier allow?

A

The nephron to reabsorb more water and concentrate the urine
(Lecture 4, Slide 22)

47
Q

Name 3 things that occur in the distal convoluted tubule.

A

Further selective secretion of H+ and K+ ions
Regulation of K+ concentration and pH of blood
Reabsorption of HCO3- dependent of pH
Further reabsorption of Na+ and water
(Lecture 4, Slide 23)

48
Q

What is the collecting duct permeable to?

A

Water but not to solutes
(Lecture 4, Slide 24)

49
Q

Is water absorption passive or active in the collecting duct?

A

Passive
(Lecture 4, Slide 24)

50
Q

What does the far end of the collecting duct become permeable to?

A

Urea
(Lecture 4, Slide 24)

51
Q

What does the urea that is reabsorbed in the collecting duct help maintain and what does this lead to?

A

Helps maintain the concentration gradient so that water can be reabsorbed
(Lecture 4, Slide 24)

52
Q

What does the distal tubule contact?

A

Afferent arteriole at renal corpuscle
(Lecture 4, Slide 27)

53
Q

What are the 3 different cell types the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is composed of?

A

Macula densa (MD) tubular cells
Juxtaglomerular (JG) / granular cells
Mesangial cells
(Lecture 4, Slide 27)

54
Q

What are the 3 purposes of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

Maintain blood pressure
Ensure proper glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Ensure efficient sodium reabsorption
(Lecture 4, Slide 27)

55
Q

What are macular densa (MD) cells?

A

Special cells in the wall of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) that monitor the osmotic potential in the filtrate
(Lecture 4, Slide 28)

56
Q

What do macular densa (MD) cells do when the filtrate is too dilute?

A

Stimulate juxtaglomerular (JG) cells to release renin
(Lecture 4, Slide 28)

57
Q

What do juxtaglomerular (JG) cells and macular densa (MD) cells work together to regulate?

A

Blood pressure and volume
(Lecture 4, Slide 28)

58
Q

Where are mesangial cells found?

A

Between the afferent and efferent arterioles
(Lecture 4, Slide 28)

59
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

Specialised smooth muscle cells that help with blood flow
(Lecture 4, Slide 28)

60
Q

What is the main action of the antidiuretic hormone?

A

Regulates the volume and osmolarity of urine
(Lecture 4, Slide 29)

61
Q

When is the antidiuretic hormone released?

A

When blood osmolarity is high (high concentration of solutes)
(Lecture 4, Slide 29)

62
Q

How does the antidiuretic hormone increase water retention?

A

It activates the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to become more permeable to water
(Lecture 4, Slide 29)

63
Q

What does alcohol inhibit and what does this cause?

A

Alcohol inhibits the antidiuretic hormone which causes increased urination and dehydration of the body
(Lecture 4, Slide 29)

BM108: Organisms and Diseases (16 decks)

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