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Anth 203 > Chp 8, Fossils > Flashcards

Chp 8, Fossils Flashcards

1
Q

What are Fossils?

A

Remains of once-living organisms

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2
Q

What is Taphonomy?

A

The study of what happens to an organisms remains

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3
Q

What is Sedimentary?

A

Rock formed when the deposition of sediment creates distinct layers of stratas

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4
Q

Who is William Smith?

A

An engineering surveyor that created the hypothesis Principle of Faunal Succession

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5
Q

What is the Principle of Faunal Succession?

A

The relative positions of strata and fossils found in the layers are the same

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6
Q

What are the 3 ways Fossilization can occur?

A

1) Organism remains are in an oxygen free environment.
2)Volcanic ash buries remains
3) Remains are transformed into sedimentary rock

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7
Q

What are the Key stages missing in fossil record?

A

1)Paleo. have only searched in minimal places
2)Fossils are preserved in some places
3) Rock sequences containing fossils are not complete in all places

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8
Q

What the most commonly found fossils?

A

Bones and teeth

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9
Q

Order of evolution organized by Paleo. ?

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

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10
Q

Who is James Ussher?

A

Archbishop who asserts that Earth was created on Sunday, Oct 23, 4004 BC

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11
Q

Who is Niels Stensen aka Nicolaus Steno?

A

Pioneer of Steno’s Law of Superposition: Principle that the lower the stratum, the older its age

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12
Q

What is Biostratigraphic dating?

A

Chemical dating method that uses the associations of fossils in strata to determine each layers approximate age developed by William Smith

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13
Q

What is Fluorine dating?

A

One of the 1st chemical dating methods proposed by chemist James Middleton

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14
Q

What is an example of fluorine dating?

A

Paleontologist Kramberger applied fluorine dating to human remains, proves that both animals Krapina Neanderthals were in Pleistocene area

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15
Q

What is an example of Bio.strat dating?

A

Irish elk fossil predates northern Eur. site, 10,600 yBP

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16
Q

What is the 1st evidence for Cultural dating?

A

Pebble tools: 3.3 mya

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17
Q

Who is A.E Douglass?

A

Pioneer of Dendrochronology chronometric dating method that uses a tree-ring count to determine numerical age

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18
Q

Who is Willard Libby?

A

Pioneer of Radiocarbon dating, method 14C to 12C is measured to provide an absolute date for a material younger than 50,000 yrs

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19
Q

What is Amino acid dating?

A

Absolute dating method for organic remains such as bone. Based on the decay of protein molecules after date

20
Q

What is Racemization?

A

Chemical reaction resulting in the conversion of L to D for AA dating

21
Q

What is Polarized light?

A

A kind of light used in AA dating- allows changes to be measured and dated

22
Q

Example of Amino Acid dating?

A

1)Dating Boarder Cave in South Africa (145,000-70,000 yBP)
2) Human occupation during the Pleistocene in Britain

23
Q

What is Paleomagnetic dating ?

A

Absolute dating method- based on the reversals of Earth’s magnetic field

24
Q

What is Electron spin resonance dating?

A

Absolute dating method- uses microwave spectroscopy to measure electrons spins in various materials

25
Q

What is Thermoluminescence dating ?

A

Dating method in which the energy trapped in a material is measured when the object is heated

26
Q

What is Genetic dating?

A

Geneticist M. Goodman, et, all developed the molecular clock for dating the divergences of the major primate taxa

27
Q

Example of genetic dating?

A

Old world monkeys 1st diverged from all other primates at about 14 MYA

28
Q

What is Temperature in the anthropological context?

A

Single most important feature of climate. Scientists can identify and study the effects of temps. on biologic and geologic chemistry

29
Q

Example of reconstructed temperature?

A

Study of Foraminifera- atmospheric temp. directly affects the waters temp- affects the mount of 18O microorganism increases-vice versa

30
Q

What are C3 plants?

A

C3 photosynthesis- Co2- 3 carbon atoms- temperate regions-includes wheat, sugar, hardwood, trees

31
Q

What are C4 plants?

A

C4 photosynthesis- Co2- 4 carbon atoms- warmer regions, low humidity- includes corn, sugarcane

32
Q

Examples of C3 & C4?

A

Scientists can determine which kind of plant an animal ate based on the ratio 13C to 12C in animals remains

33
Q

What is the Paleozoic era?

A

1st major era of geologic time, 545-240 mya, fish, reptiles & insects appeared

34
Q

What is the Mesozoic era?

A

2nd major era of geo. time, 230-66 mya, emergence & extinction of dinos

35
Q

What is the Cenozoic era?

A

The era lasting from 66 mys-present, encompasses the radiation & proliferation of mammals

36
Q

What are Epochs?

A

Divisions of periods in geologic time

37
Q

What is the Pangae?

A

Hypothetical landmass in which all the contents were joined approximate 300-200 MYA

38
Q

What is Tectonic?

A

Various structures on Earth’s surface i.e continental planes

39
Q

What is Stratigraphic correlation?

A

Process of matching up strata from 7 sites via analysis of chemical, physical, & properties

40
Q

What is Fluorine dating?

A

Chemical dating method that compares the accumulation of fluorine in animal & human bones

41
Q

What is the Chemical dating?

A

Dating methods that use predictable chemical changes that occur over time

42
Q

What are Index fossils?

A

Fossils that are from specified time ranges, found in multiple sites, & can be used to determine the age of associated strata

43
Q

What is an Isotope ?

A

2 or more forms of a chemical element

44
Q

What is an Igneous rock?

A

Rock formed form the crystallization of molten magma

45
Q

What is Fission track dating ?

A

Absolute dating method based on the measure of the # of tracks left by the decay of uranium-238

Anth 203 (10 decks)

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