Biology: Chapter 4

Question 1

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 1

molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes

Question 2

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Answer 2

a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

Question 3

chemosynthesis

Answer 3

process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules

Question 4

photosynthesis

Answer 4

process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy

Question 5

chlorophyll

Answer 5

a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light

Question 6

thylakoid

Answer 6

membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other slight-absorbing pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 7

light-dependent reactions

Answer 7

part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-independent reactions

Question 8

light-independent reactions

Answer 8

part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates

Question 9

photosystem

Answer 9

series of light absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy in the thylakoid membrane

Question 10

electron transport chain

Answer 10

series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid and mitochondria that aid in converting ADP to ATP by transferring electrons

Question 11

ATP synthase

Answer 11

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to from ATP

Question 12

Calvin Cycle

Answer 12

process by which photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugars from CO2

Question 13

cellular respiration

Answer 13

releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

Question 14

aerobic

Answer 14

needs oxygen to take place

Question 15

glycolysis

Answer 15

process that splits the glucose into two three-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP

Question 16

anaerobic

Answer 16

does not need oxygen to take place

Question 17

Krebs Cycle

Answer 17

process during cellular respiration that breaks down a carbon molecule to produce molecules that are used in the electron transport chain

Question 18

fermentation

Answer 18

anaerobic process by which ATP is produced by glycolosis

Question 19

lactic acid

Answer 19

product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells