yellow cards

Question 1

where is most freshwater that is available for us?

Answer 1

Groundwater aquifers - mostly used for irrigation

Question 2

sinkholes

Answer 2

when the roofs of caves collapse

Question 3

Creep

Answer 3

the expansions/contraction of surface materials leads to very slow and gradual downhill movement of soil

Question 4

Septic tank sewage disposal

Answer 4

-contaminated water slowly infiltrates into soil

Question 5

Artesian systems

Answer 5

pump themselves due to water table in recharge area being at a higher elevation

Question 6

consequences of water withdrawal

Answer 6

-compaction
-permanent lowering of permeability
-subsidence

Question 7

human influence on mass wasting hazards

Answer 7

• weakening of slope material
  -steepening of the slope
  -addition of weight at the top of slopes
  -humans are sculpting the surface of earth faster than natural processes

Question 8

non-metallic mineral resources

Answer 8

• evaporate minerals
  -diamonds
  -stone
  -aggregate

Question 9

Stalacites

Answer 9

hanging down cave ceilings like icicles
produced by dripstone

Question 10

Impermeable unit of material is?

Answer 10

aquitard

Question 11

earth flow

Answer 11

when clay rich soil becomes saturated with water it behaves like a viscous fluid

Question 12

how are mountain belts formed

Answer 12

-young divergent plate boundaries where litosphere is stretched and thinned by tensional stress
-at convergent plate boundaries (due to shortening and thickening of lithosphere

Question 13

petroleum source materials

Answer 13

-marine organic matter pressured in anoxic
-derived from remains of marine plants
-oil prone organic matter preserved

Question 14

karst

Answer 14

underground drainage system with caves and sinkholes

Question 15

how much ice covers how much on the earth

Answer 15

10% of earths surface

Question 16

Glaciers

Answer 16

slowly moving, thick mass of ice formed by accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow on mountains

Question 17

Stalagmites

Answer 17

mounds of travertine limestone growing upwards from cave floor

Question 18

Columns

Answer 18

produced from stalacites and stalagmites connecting to form a column

Question 19

Rift valley

Answer 19

when tectonic plates diverge it makes rift valley

Question 20

debris flow

Answer 20

assortment of surface materials, both fine and coarse grained

Question 21

mudfow

Answer 21

consists of loose material mixed with a large amount of water

Question 22

zone of aeration

Answer 22

pores that contain water and air

Question 23

unconfined aquifer

Answer 23

an aquifer that receives water directly from the land surface above

Question 24

confined aquifer

Answer 24

aquifer that is overlain by a layer of relatively impermeable material

Question 25

Influent stream

Answer 25

loses water to groundwater system

Question 26

Effluent stream

Answer 26

gains water from groundwater system

Question 27

two types of glaciers

Answer 27

icesheets and alpine glaciers

Question 28

icesheets

Answer 28

immense sheets of ice on continental scale. Flow radially from areas of greatest ice accumulation

Question 29

alpine glaciers

Answer 29

relatively small, occupying mountain valleys. Flow downslope

Question 30

Lahars

Answer 30

-debris flow and mudflows specifically associated with volcanoes
-formed with large amounts of water and mixes with loose pyroclastic materials and flows downslope

Question 31

Firn

Answer 31

-snowflakes that become smaller, thicker, and more spherical to produce firn
-becomes glacial ice when firn fuses together to form solid mass

Question 32

where is majority of fresh water

Answer 32

glacial ice

Question 33

zone of saturation

Answer 33

pores contain water only

Question 34

drift prospecting

Answer 34

pioneered in Canada and it samples glacial till for indicator imerals

Question 35

future hydro carbon sources?

Answer 35

found in deep sea and permafrost

Question 36

Potash in Saskwatchewan

Answer 36

During the devonian period
-elk point basin became blocked from the rest of the sea
-close to equator so lots of population took place

Question 37

water tower

Answer 37

artesian systems

Question 38

glacial outwash deposits

Answer 38

-outwash is waterlain material
-till is directly deposited by glacial ice

Question 39

horsts

Answer 39

elongated, high standing blocks of crust bounded by faults

Question 40

fault block mountains

Answer 40

-the tilted edges of large crustal blocks
-rocks made by tectonic and localized stresses in earths crust

Question 41

grabens

Answer 41

formed by the downward displacement of fault bounded blocks. Produced on either side of a rift

Question 42

Ordovician

Answer 42

used to make brick

Question 43

Silurian dolostone

Answer 43

used for chemical industries and in construction

Question 44

devonian

Answer 44

construction and cement

Question 45

unconventional hydrocarbon resources

Answer 45

oil sands: lots of bitumen
shale gas: gas trapped in source rocks
oil shale: large deposits
-requires heating to converge bitumen to oil

Question 46

required to make oil trap?

Answer 46

-marine organic matter
-reservoir to container for petroleum
-cap rock to seal for oil trap