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Chem Lec > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

are distinguished by their high solubility in non polar solvents and low solubility in H,O

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Lipids exist as ——- in nature - meaning it can be both hydrophilic and hydrophobic in nature

A

amphipathic

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3
Q

Lipids are (another) amphipathic molecules that can be:

A

Major components of biological membranes

Major form of stored energy in biological systems

Hormones

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4
Q

It define the basic unit of life (cell)

A

Membranes

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5
Q

lipids are largely reduced compounds; complete oxidation of lipids
generates —- – —– (ie. more than from sugars)

A

lots of energy

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6
Q

Lipids have 4 primary functions in living cells:

A

Fuel molecules
Signal molecules
Highly concentrated energy stores
Components of membranes
• Phospholipids
• Sphingholipids
• Cholesterol

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7
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat storage cells

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8
Q

principal building blocks of complex lipids

A

Fatty acids

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9
Q

esters of fatty acids (heat sensitive)

A

Waxes

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10
Q

membrane precursors, energy storage

A

Triacylglycerols

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11
Q

membrane components

A

Glycerophospholipids

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12
Q

brain lipids, membrane components

A

Sphingolipids

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13
Q

cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones

A

Steroids

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14
Q

Building block of lipids

A

Fatty acid

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15
Q

Fatty acids are Composed of a ———– “head group” and ——— “tail”

A

carboxylic acid

a long hydrocarbon

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16
Q

tail generally contains an —- number of carbon atoms

A

Even

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17
Q

Hydrocarbon tail can be ——— or ———-

A

saturated or unsaturated

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18
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbon tails contain how many double bonds?

A

one or more double bonds

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19
Q

General Formula for Fatty Acids

A

COOH(CH2)nCH3 / CH3(CH2)nCOOH

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20
Q

CH3(CH2)10CO2H

A

Lauric Acid

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21
Q

CH3(CH2)12CO2H

A

Myristic Acid

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22
Q

CH3(CH2)14CO2H

A

Palmitic Acid

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23
Q

CH3(CH2)16CO2H

A

Stearic Acid

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24
Q

CH3(CH2)18CO2H

A

Arachidic Acid

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25
Q

16:0

A

Palmitic Acid

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26
Q

18:0

A

Stearic Acid

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27
Q

18:1 (∆⁹)

A

Oleic Acid

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28
Q

18:2 (∆⁹,¹²)

A

Linoleic acid

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29
Q

18:3 (∆⁹,¹²,¹5)

A

a-Linolenic Acid

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30
Q

20:4 (∆5,8,11,14)

A

Arachidonic Acid

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31
Q

2 Example of Essential Fatty Acids;must get these from plants

A

linoleic and a-linolenic fatty acids

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32
Q

high in polyunsaturated fats.

A

Good Fats

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33
Q

high in saturated fats.

A

Bad Fats

34
Q

trans fatty acids; result from partial
hydrogenation of —— —–

A

Really Bad Fats

vegetable oils.

35
Q

It has trans fatty acids.

A

Margarine

35
Q

It has trans fatty acids.

A

Margarine

36
Q

Transfatty acids are difficult to ——–; lead to increased ——— levels in the blood

A

Metabolized

Cholesterol

37
Q

Energy storage in Lipids

A

Triacylglycerols (triglycerides)

38
Q

1 Fatty Acid + Glycerol =

2 Fatty Acids + Glycerol =

3 Fatty Acids + Glycerol =

A

monoacylglycerol

diacylglycerol

triacylglycerol

39
Q

a simple triacylglycerol)

A

Tristearin

40
Q

A mixed triacylglycerol

A

Myristic
Palmitic
Stearic

41
Q

A mixed triacylglycerol

A

Myristic
Palmitic
Stearic

42
Q

Energy yield from burning: ~ ?? kj/gram as compared to ?? kJ/gram for carbohydrates (eg. sugars)

A

~ 37 kJ/gram,

~ 16 kJ/gram

43
Q

are typically found in brain tissues (eg. brain lipids)

Based upon ——–, an amino alcohol

A

Sphingolipids

Sphingosine

44
Q

Sphingosine is rare in —— and —_– while
sphingolipids are common

A

plants and animals while

In plant and animals

45
Q

Simplest sphingolipids are

A

ceramides

46
Q

Sphingosine + N-linked fatty acid =

A

Ceramide

47
Q

are complex sphingolipids

A

Ganglioslides

48
Q

Ceramide + 3 (or more) sugars including one sialic acid

A

Gangioslides

49
Q

Membrane lipids(signalling)

A

Gangliosides

50
Q

Built from same 5-carbon precursor as cholesterol

A

Terpenes and their derivatives

51
Q

Terpenes are also called as

A

Isoprenoid

52
Q

Steroids are basic skeleton consisting of four interconnected——— ; different structure than long chain FAs

These molecules bind to specific protein receptors, precipitating a
——– ——– ——–

A

carbon rings

signal transduction chain

53
Q

Built from 5 carbon isoprene units and do not contain fatty acids

A

Terpenes

54
Q

Terpenes are abundant in

A

Plants

55
Q

Terpenes are Generally assembled by a ————- linkage of isoprene units

A

‘head to tail’

56
Q

Diterpenes and larger terpenes arise from

A

Cyclization reactions

57
Q

certain aromatic compounds with a wide range of functions also made of

A

Isprenyl C5 subunits

58
Q

Many lipid classes, many lipid functions

Functions are obviously very diverse, fitting for such a large

family of molecules

structural
signaling
enzyme cofactors

A

(in membranes)
(steroids)
(vitamins)

59
Q

all lipids have in common a ——– fatty acid chain,

A

hydrophobic

60
Q

a glycerol backbone is linked to two FA molecules and one phosphate

A

Phospholipids

61
Q

FA chain composed of an number of C atoms

A

even

62
Q

Hydrophobic nature arises from —— —-
by C-H and C-C bonds present in chains

A

lack of dipoles formed

63
Q

Numbering of C in FAs starts with
C2 and C3 often called

Methyl C at distal end of chain called

Position of double bond(s) also indicated by

A

carboxyl C
a and B
w-carbon atom
A

64
Q

Many FAs in animal tissues are

A

Saturated

65
Q

Most common FAs in animals and plants are

A

C16 and C18

66
Q

most plant fats have at least

A

one C=C bond

67
Q

Short chain length and unsaturation lower FA

A

Melting point

68
Q

2 major places where FAs play a role in metabolism is when they are incorporated into either

—————— for energy storage, or

—————— for incorporation into membranes

A

triacylglycerols (triglycerides)
Phospholipids

69
Q

Degradation converts storage fat

(triacylglycerol) into small 2-carbon, activated acetyl units that can be processed by the TCA cycle in a process called o. P

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

70
Q

To degrade FAs, the body must first get them out of “——–”

Lipids are stored as triacylglycerols in

Mammals are capable of storing large amount of lipids in specialized
cells called

A

storage
adipose tissue
adipocytes

71
Q

lipids can store in a smaller volume

A

more energy

72
Q

Complete oxidation of a lipid into acetyl-CoA 2-carbon units

yields - kcal/g, versus - kcal/g for carbohydrates

A

9 kcal/g
4 kcal/g

73
Q

How many times does lipids as much energy as 1 g carbohydrate

A

6 g

74
Q

Typical 70-kg man has energy stored as

• kcal in triacylglycerols

kcal in protein (muscle)

Kcal in glycogen

kcal in glucose

A

1 x 10^5
2.5 x 10⁴
600 kcal
40

74
Q

Typical 70-kg man has energy stored as

• kcal in triacylglycerols

kcal in protein (muscle)

Kcal in glycogen

kcal in glucose

A

1 x 10^5
2.5 x 10⁴
600 kcal

75
Q

Triacylglycerols are “— kg of body mass (~16% body fat)

A

11 kg

76
Q

Carbohydrate stores alone allow maintenance of metabolism for ~ –; stored lipids allow survival for

A

~24 h
weeks

77
Q

found in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

A

Galactolipids

78
Q

(e.g. platelet activating factor, an important lipid signaling molecule

A

Ether glycerophospholipids

79
Q

Animal sphingosine lipids can also contain sugars =

A

glycolipids

80
Q

diphosphatidylglycerol (note two phosphatidyl and extra glycerol)

A

Cardiolipan

Chem Lec (5 decks)

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