LECTURE 23 - memory

Question 1

what is memory ?

Answer 1

the capacity of individuals to retain and utilize information in various ways for various periods of time

Question 2

what are the three processes of memory ?

Answer 2

• acquisition (short-term sensory store)
• retention (short-term memory)
• retrieval (long-term memory)

Question 3

what are the three time periods of memory ?

Answer 3

• short-term sensory store = STSS
• short-term memory = STM
• long-term memory = LTM

Question 4

what is the STSS whole report technique ?

Answer 4

present a matrix of letters or numbers (3 x 4 mattrix)

Question 5

what is the recall accuracy of STSS whole report technique ?

Answer 5

0%

Question 6

what is the difference between the whole report technique and the partial report technique ?

Answer 6

the nature of the information being recalled. The whole report technique measures the capacity of the sensory store to retain information over a short period of time, while the partial report technique measures the selective attention and processing of specific items within the sensory store.

Question 7

what is the partial report technique ?

Answer 7

• higher tone
• lower tone

Question 8

who is George Sperling ?

Answer 8

he manipulated when the tone came on of the STSS partial report technique

Question 9

describe the STSS spelling (1969 psychological monographs) :

Answer 9

• y = letters reported correctly
• x = delay of tone (ms)
• 100 or near 100 accuracy, the tone is at the same time
• delay 0 between tone and presentation of the mattrix
• first experiment to show a short term sensory store

Question 10

during the STSS spelling 1960 psychological monograph, when did the delay of tone come on (after matrix was extinguished?

Answer 10

300ms

Question 11

what are the four STSS points ? (idk what theyre called so I just said points)

Answer 11

1. short duration (300ms)
2. unlimited capacity
3. veridical (precise snap-shot)
4. pre-categorical

Question 12

what does pre-categorial mean in regard to STSS ?

Answer 12

cant differentiate between numbers and letters

Question 13

what is the brown Peterson task ?

Answer 13

a classic cognitive psychology experiment that is used to study the nature of short-term memory

Question 14

what is something we say in regards to STSS use ?

Answer 14

“use STSS or lose it “

Question 15

how does the brown-peterson task work ?

Answer 15

the task requires participants to remember a sequence of items (usually three letters) for a short period of time, during which they are distracted by an intervening task, and then asked to recall the original sequence

Question 16

is attention required for rehearsal ?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

the longer an item is attended (held in memory) …

Answer 17

the greater chance it will be retained

Question 18

descibe how the brown-paterson task is done :

Answer 18

• try to remember three letters e.g., XJC
• when given a number (e.g., 307), start counting backwards in threes (307, 304, 301, 298…)
• when “write!” appears, white does the letters you remember
• this required several trials to obtain the effect

Question 19

what is a test that inhibits rehearsal, must actively recall ?

Answer 19

the brown-paterson task

Question 20

what are the two types of interference in regards to the brown-paterson task ?

Answer 20

proactive interference and retroactive interference

Question 21

what is proactive interference ?

Answer 21

the forgetting of currently learned material produced by interference from previously learned material

Question 22

what is retroactive interference ?

Answer 22

process in which an event learned during a retention interval leads to forgetting of a previously learned event

Question 23

what sequence of items is used for the brown-paterson task ?

Answer 23

always trigram (3 letters)

Question 24

what happens to recall accuracy after every trial of the brown-peterson task ?

Answer 24

recall accuracy goes down

Question 25

when was the brown-paterson task performed in a control ?

Answer 25

performed in control condition over four trials

Question 26

when did the brown-paterson task change from three letters to numbers ?

Answer 26

after trial 3

Question 27

what type of memory is the brown-paterson task ?

Answer 27

STM (short term memory)

Question 28

what is STM ?

Answer 28

short term memory

Question 29

how long can STM stay ?

Answer 29

can stay for 3 seconds if not rehearsed

Question 30

what is the accuracy of recall accuracy ?

Answer 30

90% ish

Question 31

what is the serial position effect (STM) ?

Answer 31

is a phenomenon in cognitive psychology that refers to the tendency for people to remember information better if it appears at the beginning or end of a list or sequence, compared to information that appears in the middle

Question 32

how much % of forgetting happens whiting the first 24 hours of learning (following initial practice) ?

Answer 32

65%

Question 33

who is Hermann Ebbinghaus ?

Answer 33

psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect

Question 34

what is the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve ?

Answer 34

is a graphical representation of the rate at which information is forgotten over time

Question 35

who do we look at in regards to study about short term emery and forgetting ?

Answer 35

ebbinhaus

Question 36

what is the primacy effect ?

Answer 36

• tendency for people to remember items that appeared at the beginning of a list or sequence better than items that appeared in the middle
• relies on rehearsal

Question 37

what is the recency effect ?

Answer 37

• tendency for people to remember items that appeared at the end of a list or sequence better than items that appeared in the middle

Question 38

what is consolidate information ?

Answer 38

short term to long term