LECTURE 24 - long-term memory (LTM)

Question 1

what is consolidate info ?

Answer 1

refers to the process by which newly acquired information becomes more stable and integrated into existing memory networks (LTM)

Question 2

what is the term for short term memory becoming long term ?

Answer 2

consolidate info

Question 3

what are the three long term memories ?

Answer 3

1. procedural memory
2. semantic memory
3. episodic memory

Question 4

what is procedural memory ?

Answer 4

stress knowledge of “how to do” a skill or activity (implicit-motor)

Question 5

what is semantic memory ?

Answer 5

general knowledge about the world (cognitive)

Question 6

what is episodic memory ?

Answer 6

personally experienced events

Question 7

which memory type is mediated in the temporal lobe ?

Answer 7

episodic memory

Question 8

describe procedural memory :

Answer 8

• stores knowledge of “how to do” a skill or activity
• we know “how to do” something, but are not able to verbally describe it well (e.g., shooting a basketball, swimming)

Question 9

describe semantic memory :

Answer 9

• general knowledge about the world developed from many experiences factual and conceptual
• e.g., equation for determining force

Question 10

describe episodic memory :

Answer 10

• knowledge about personally experienced events
• e.g., where you’re when the raptors won the 2019 NBA championship

Question 11

which two memory types are explicit ?

Answer 11

semantic and episodic

Question 12

unconscious memory that starts off as cognitive is maintained where ?

Answer 12

in cereberum (brainstem)

Question 13

which memory type is the hardest to forget ?

Answer 13

episodic

Question 14

what is anterograde amnesia ?

Answer 14

a type of memory loss that occurs when you can’t form new memories

Question 15

how did Henry Molaison contribute to the world?

Answer 15

• he provided information about memory impairment and amnesia,
• his exact brain surgery allowed a good understanding of how particular areas of the brain may be linked to specific processes hypothesized to occur in memory formation

Question 16

what happened to Henry Molaison ?

Answer 16

• while a child, endured a bike accident
• appeared normal but 2/3 years later began having seizures
• by 16 he had multiple seizures everyday
• he then got his hippocampus removed (bilateral medial lobes)

Question 17

who is Brenda milner ?

Answer 17

• studied patient Henry molaison
• linked hippocampus and medial temporal lobe to have long term memories

Question 18

what did Brenda Milner learn while studying H.M.’s case ?

Answer 18

• she found that H.M. was unable to form new Explicit memories following his surgery, despite retaining his ability to learn new skills and perform motor tasks.

Question 19

what was Henry Molaison experiencing ?

Answer 19

severe epilepsy

Question 20

what did Brenda Milner conclude ?

Answer 20

that the hippocampus is a key structure in the consolidation of new declarative memories (motor memories were not impaired)

Question 21

how did H.M. preform motor tasks compared to normal individuals ?

Answer 21

at the same neurological level

Question 22

what two parts of brain are responsible for explicit memory ?

Answer 22

medial temporal lobe and hippocampus

Question 23

what are the three stages of motor learning (Fitts and Posner 1967) ?

Answer 23

• cognitive stage
• associative stage
• autonomous stage

Question 24

what is cognitive stage ?

Answer 24

development of basic movement pattern

Question 25

what is associative stage ?

Answer 25

refinement of movement pattern

Question 26

what is autonomous stage ?

Answer 26

performance of movement virtually automatic

Question 27

the following points are associated with which stage of motor learning ? - high degrees of cognitive activity - attentional demands high, limited t movement production - movement lack synchronization and appears choppy deliberate - numbers errors, typically gross in nature - lacks capability to determine cause of errors or correct them

Answer 27

cognitive stage

Question 28

what lobe is highly involved in the learning of motor tasks ?

Answer 28

frontal lobe

Question 29

the following points are associated with which stage of motor learning ? - more consistent - attentional demands for movement production decrease - fewer, less gross errors - better at detecting cause of errors - begin to develop appraise error correction strategies

Answer 29

associative stage (consistency)

Question 30

the following points are associated with which stage of motor learning ? - highest level of proficiency - not all learners will reach this stage - attention reallocated to strategic decision-making - consistent and confident - making few errors and can generally detect and correct those errors that do occur

Answer 30

autonomous stage