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Archaeology > Graves > Flashcards

Graves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the forensic definition of graves?

A

The practice of concealing a body in the ground

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2
Q

What is the normal definition of a grave?

A

An excavation for burial of a body broadly: a burial place

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3
Q

What are the 3 tyes of burial?

A
  • Primary burial
  • Secondary burial
  • Multiple burial
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4
Q

What is a primary burial?

A
  • Remains in original deposition location w/out context disturbance.
  • Skeleton usually fully articulated.
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5
Q

What is a secondary burial?

A
  • Remains moved from or disturbed within original deposition location (e.g. human/animal intervention).
  • Remains often jumbled/incomplete.
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6
Q

What is a multiple burial?

A
  • A single grave containing two or more individuals.
  • May be primary or secondary deposits.
  • Not necessarily the same as a mass burial.
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7
Q

What causes partly covered remains?

A

Little to no effort in concealment OR remains eroded out.

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8
Q

What are the two types of surface deposits?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
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9
Q

What are primary surface deposits?

A

The original location of remains; characterised by the presence of decompositional soil staining and the highest concentration of remains.

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10
Q

What is secondary surface remains?

A

Displacement & scattering of remains by taphonomic processes.

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11
Q

What are indicators of surface and buried remains?

A
  • Disturbed plant roots
  • Upcast remaining on the surface
  • Different vegetation (trampled and disturbed)
  • New plant growth
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12
Q

What is the position of the body usually related to?

A

Shape and size of the grave

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13
Q

How should the position of a body be described?

A
  • Best described through the relationship of legs, arms and head to each other and to the trunk of the body.
  • Position should not be described in relation to
    grave
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14
Q

What is the Forensic Anthropologist’s job?

A
  • Differentiation of non-human vs human remains
  • Skeletal inventory
  • Search methods for missing elements
  • Initial field assessment of biological information
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15
Q

What is the Forensic Archaeologists job?

A
  • Ground search methods
  • Survey techniques
  • Geophysical search methods
  • Site formation analysis and description
  • Mapping techniques
  • Recovery techniques
  • Spatial controls
  • Use of heavy equipment
  • Basic recognition of skeletal anatomy
  • Artifact collection, documentation & preservation
  • Site recording
  • Sample collection
  • Collection & preservation of skeletal remains & associated evidence
  • Exhumation for cold case reviews
  • Contextual dating of bones
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16
Q

At the briefing, what should a FArch establish?

A
  • The potential scope for forensic archaeological involvement
  • Their responsibilities and the responsibilities of others at the scene w/ regard to H&S around search and/or recovery
  • An initial plan for the approach to the search and/or excavation
  • The best approach to evidential issues and prevention of crime scene contamination
  • Requirements for support services and/or equipment
17
Q

What are the key questions for FArch to answer?

A
  1. How was the grave dug, and with what?
  2. How was it backfilled? Follow-up: Are there materials and fills that are foreign to that particular location?
  3. Did the perpetrator leave any traces in or around the grave (e.g. footwear or tool marks) ➔ Locard’s Principle of Exchange
  4. Has there been any subsequent disturbance?
  5. Was the grave left open for some time before, during, or after the body was placed in it?
18
Q

What are the key provisions to the Coroners and Justice Act 2009?

A

Duty to investigate certain deaths:
❑ Violent or unnatural death
❑ Cause of death unknown
❑ Death in prison/police custody/other state detention
Purposes of investigation:
❑ Identification of the deceased
❑ Cause & circumstances of death
❑ Establishment of inquests
❑ Rules & regulations

19
Q

What may suggest a body has been moved?

A
  1. Check for commingling of bones/body not in anatomical position
  2. Check for variations in soil types deposited in/on bone vs grave site.
  3. Check for unexplained insects/pollen in grave
  4. No VOCs/VFA’s in the grave soil
20
Q

How can drones be helpful in an archelogical investigation?

A
  • Cover a large search area quickly
  • Map/photograph the grave/deposit site in high resolution (incl. using photogrammetry)
  • Detect surface deposits using hyperspectral/multispectral imaging
  • Detect graves using LiDAR (searching for depressions/grave spoil heaps) and multispectral imaging (to quickly detect abrupt/out of place changes in vegetation)

Archaeology (15 decks)

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