Developing Through the Lifespan (Modules 14-16)

Question 1

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Answer 1

Maturation

Question 2

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 2

Cognition

Question 3

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Answer 3

Schemas

Question 4

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Answer 4

Assimilate

Question 5

In developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Answer 5

Accommodate

Question 6

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Answer 6

Sensorimotor Stage

Question 7

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 7

Object Permanence

Question 8

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) at which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Answer 8

Preoperational Stage

Question 9

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Answer 9

Conservation

Question 10

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Answer 10

Egocentric

Question 11

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Answer 11

Concrete Operational Stage

Question 12

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Answer 12

Formal Operational Stage

Question 13

In Vygotsky’s theory, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

Answer 13

Scaffold

Question 14

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Answer 14

Theory of Mind

Question 15

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Answer 15

Stranger Anxiety

Question 16

An emotional tie with others; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation

Answer 16

Attachment

Question 17

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Answer 17

Critical Period

Question 18

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

Answer 18

Imprinting

Question 19

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Answer 19

Basic Trust

Question 20

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, an answer to the question, “Who Am I?”

Answer 20

Self-Concept

Question 21

1) Authoritarian - Coercive, 2) Permissive - Unrestraining, 3) Neglectful - Uninvolved, and 4) Authoritative - Confrontive

Answer 21

Types of Parenting Styles

Question 22

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Answer 22

Adolescence

Question 23

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person usually becomes capable of reproducing

Answer 23

Puberty

Question 24

Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

Answer 24

Preconventional Morality (before age 9)

Question 25

Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Answer 25

Conventional Morality (early adolescence)

Question 26

Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

Answer 26

Postconventional Morality (adolescence and beyond)

Question 27

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

Answer 27

Social Identity

Question 28

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

Answer 28

Intimacy

Question 29

A period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

Answer 29

Emerging Adulthood

Question 30

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Answer 30

Menopause

Question 31

Acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults, neurocognitive disorders are also called dementia

Answer 31

Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD)

Question 32

A neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

Answer 32

Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 33

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Answer 33

Social Clock