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133 natural hazards and society > Drought and Heatwave > Flashcards

Drought and Heatwave Flashcards

1
Q

Heatwave definition

A

A period of high temperatures relative to typical seasonal conditions for a location

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2
Q

Duration in the UK

A

> _ 3 days

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3
Q

Anticyclones

A

Large scale high pressure systems, light winds, decending air inhibits cloud formation

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4
Q

Humans require what core temp

A

~90 W

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5
Q

At low temperatures

A

radiation, conduction, convection and perspiration are effective

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6
Q

At high temperatures

A

perspiration is effective

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7
Q

Perspiration becomes ineffective at

A

high levels of humidity

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8
Q

What inhibits convective mixing and trap emissions

A

Temperature inversions

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9
Q

What enhances ozone production

A

Clear skies and strong radiation

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10
Q

What happened in England and Wales during 2003?

A

21 - 38% of total excess deaths

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11
Q

What were the excess deaths due to in 2003

A

elevated ambient ozone and PM 10 concentrations

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12
Q

Soil Moisture deficit

A

increases the frequency, duration and severity of hot spells

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13
Q

Example of a location experiencing soil moisture limited areas

A

Southern Europe

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14
Q

Wetter regions

A

experience a weaker relationship of frequency, duration and severity of hot spells

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15
Q

Weather fatalities in the US 2021 main cause

A

Heat

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16
Q

Which cause of weather fatalities has the highest 30 yr average

A

Heat

17
Q

How are heatwaves measured ( USA)

A

Heat Index Chart

18
Q

What is the NHS Heatwave Plan for England

A

vulnerable groups are to include elderly people ( >65) and people with pre-existing medical conditions

19
Q

How are urban residents are at higher risk?

A

Urban Heat Island effect and increased risk of air polution

20
Q

Mitigation strategies in the UK

A

heatwave alert levels and Gov related release of mitigation acts

21
Q

What is the long term mitigation stragety

A

Urban planning via afforestation, cool infrastructure

22
Q

How do heatwaves have gloabl affects

A

1) arctic sea ice loss
2)decrease albedo effect
3)atmospheric warming

1)Increase wildfire activity
2) vegetation loss and thawing permafrost
3) Loss of CO2
4) atmospheric warming

23
Q

Drought definition by the IPCC

A

moisture deficit in relation to the average water availabitlty at a given location and season

24
Q

Meteorological drought

A

Period of lower rainfall

25
Q

Duration of drought

A

Days to years ( location dependent)

26
Q

Occurences

A

Typically northen African regions and subtropical regions

27
Q

Environmental impacts

A

Loss of moisture from a system

28
Q

List of the types of Loss of moisture from a system

A

Wetland
drying of seasonal water bodies
reduction of vegetation cover
loss of wildlife habitat soil erosion
wildfires
wildlife migration
disease

29
Q

Socio-economic impacts

A

Cash crop failure
Loss of lifestock

30
Q

What is the Sahel drought?

A

Semi arid

Dry and wet seasons

31
Q

How much does it rain in Sahel

A

(100-800mm/yr)

32
Q

What is rainfall driven by

A

Tropical convection,west african monsoon , el nino

33
Q

What happened during the 1960’s-1990’s

A
34
Q

Causes of Droughts

A

Regional and remote forcing

35
Q

Regional forcing examples

A

Overgrazing,deforestation for agriculture

Increased surface albedo less solar energy absorbed
reduced moisture supply to atmosphere, less rainfall

Unfavorable conditions for vegetation growth

36
Q

Remote forcing examples

A

Changes in sea surface temps

Atlantic multidecadal Oscillation

Dust feedbacks

Aerosol -related forcing

37
Q

Ethiopia example

A

droughts are related to existing vulnerability

Exacerbated by…
- rural destitution
-environmental degradation
-war and conflicts

38
Q

What happened during 1999-2000 crisis

A

10 mill in need of food assistence

39
Q

Migration and Adaptation strategies

A

Landscape management

133 natural hazards and society (10 decks)

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