Infection

Question 1

what is an epidemic

Answer 1

more cases of disease than normal for area

Question 2

what is a pandemic

Answer 2

worldwide epidemic

Question 3

what is disseminated

Answer 3

one initial site to other areas

Question 4

what are bacterial infections

Answer 4

1 cell organisms
attack and release toxins
t lymphocytes better to attack

Question 5

what are viral infections

Answer 5

have a dormant period
b lymphocytes better to attack

Question 6

what are fungal infections

Answer 6

dont usually cause overwhleming disease
HIV makes you more susceptible
sports and vaginal yeast infections

Question 7

what are examples of parasitic or protozoa infections

Answer 7

lice
malaria

Question 8

what are some secondary infections

Answer 8

vag yeast infection d/t antibiotics
bacteria sinusitis d/t virus

Question 9

what are some healthcare acquired infections

Answer 9

surg site infections
UTI (CAUDI)
MRSA
CRE
pneumonias
Cdiff

Question 10

what is the first part of the chain of infection

Answer 10

infectious agent: bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa

Question 11

what is the 2nd part of the chain of infection

Answer 11

susceptible host: immunocompromised, post op pt, burn pt, elderly

Question 12

what is the 3rd part of the chain of infection

Answer 12

portal of entry: mucous membrane, broken skin, gi/gu tract, caths, incisions

Question 13

what is the 4th part of the chain of infection

Answer 13

mode of transmission: direct contact, ingestion, airborne

Question 14

what is the 5th part of the chain of infection

Answer 14

portal of exit: excretions, secretions, skin, droplets, sneezing, coughing

Question 15

what is the 6th part of the chain of infection

Answer 15

reservoir: where germ lives and grows…. people, h2o, equipment

Question 16

how to break susceptible host chain

Answer 16

treat underlying disease
recognize high risk pts

Question 17

how to break infectious agent chain

Answer 17

rapid accurate identification of organisms

Question 18

how to break portal of entry chain

Answer 18

aseptic technique
cath care
wound care

Question 19

how to break means of transmission chain

Answer 19

hand hygiene
sterilization
standard precautions
airflow control
food handling
isolation

Question 20

how to break portal of exit chain

Answer 20

trash and waste disposal
control of excretions and secretions
hand hygiene

Question 21

how to break reservoirs chain

Answer 21

disinfetion/sterilization
enviornmental sanitation
employee health

Question 22

what do bacteria release to damage cells of host and initiate inflammatory response

Answer 22

endotoxins and exotoxins

Question 23

what happens in compensation for infections

Answer 23

increased vasc permeability
fluid into tissues
decrease volume and fluid in vessels
decreased bp
increased HR
increased contractility
increased cardiac output

Question 24

what happens with multisystem failure

Answer 24

if compensation fails
kidneys: decreased urine output
increased creatinine and BUN

Question 25

how do older adults present when they have an infection

Answer 25

confusion and anorexia

Question 26

lab tests done for infection

Answer 26

CBC w/ WBC differential (high neutrophils, shift to left…BAND neutrophils)
culture and sensitivity
CRP
ESR
serological tests- detect specific antibodies or viruses

Question 27

what is shift to left

Answer 27

immature neutrophils released d/t demand

Question 28

what is primary prevention of infection

Answer 28

hygiene
standard precautions
immunization

Question 29

what is secondary prevention of infection

Answer 29

identify infection early to reduce transmission

Question 30

what is tertiary prevention of infection

Answer 30

eradicate infection
prevent 2ndary infections
limit damage to body
use antimicrobials (antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals)
nutrition
fluids