Topic A1

Question 1

What are the diseases caused due to high cholesterol

Answer 1

1) Xanthelasma - bumps on upper/lower eyelids
2) Arcus Senilis - lipid deposits appearing as rings (usually @ 3 & 9 o’clock positions)
3) Hollenhorst Plaque - small yellow/white dots that appear on blood vessels (fundus photo)
4) ^ No. 3 causing BRAO (Branch retinal artery occlusion)

Question 2

What are the management guidelines for Hypertensive Retinopathy?

Answer 2

1) Dietary Control
2) Regular Medical check & Meds
3) Reduce Weight
4) Monitor retinal changes
5) Referral to GP/ophthal. for follow-up on other ocular complications

Question 3

What are the;
1) signs & symptoms
2) referral guidelines
for Grade 4 Hypertensive Retinopathy

Answer 3

1) - slight constriction + focal narrowing of retinal arterioles
- AV nicking
- CWS
- Flame haemorrhages
- Hard Exudates
- DISC swelling

2) Immediate referral !! (A&E)

Question 4

What are the;
1) signs & symptoms
2) referral guidelines
for Grade 3 Hypertensive Retinopathy

Answer 4

1) - slight constriction + focal narrowing of retinal arterioles
- AV nicking
- CWS
- Flame haemorrhages
- Hard Exudates

2) Urgent referral to GP & Ophthalmologist

Question 5

What are the;
1) signs & symptoms
2) referral guidelines
for Grade 2 Hypertensive Retinopathy

Answer 5

1) - slight constriction of retinal arterioles
- focal narrowing of retinal arterioles
- AV nicking

2) Non-urgent referral to GP

Question 6

What are the;
1) signs & symptoms
2) referral guidelines
for Grade 1 Hypertensive Retinopathy

Answer 6

1) slight constriction of retinal arterioles
2) Non-urgent referral to GP

Question 7

What is Hypertensive Retinopathy

Answer 7

Vasoconstriction of the retinal arteries

Question 8

Blood Pressure Categories
*Hint - Systolic & Diastolic BP

Answer 8

BP Category: Systolic/Diastolic
Normal BP: lower than 130/80
High-Normal BP: 130-139/80-89
Grade 1 Hypertension: 140-149/90-99
Grade 2 Hypertension: 160/100
Isolated Systolic Hypertension: 140/<90