Vaccination Flashcards
Which vaccines are live attenuated
BCG
measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
influenza (intranasal)
oral rotavirus
oral polio
yellow fever
oral typhoid
Which vaccines are innactivated
rabies
hepatitis A
influenza (intramuscular)
Which vaccines are toxoid
tetanus
diphtheria
pertussis
Which vaccines are subunit + conjugate
pneumococcus (conjugate)
haemophilus (conjugate)
meningococcus (conjugate)
hepatitis B
human papillomavirus
What is the 6 in 1 vaccine and when is it given
Polio
Whooping cough (pertussis)
Influenza (Hib)
Tetanus
B - hepatitis
Diphtheria
Given at 2, 3, and 4 months
What is the BCG vaccine and when is it given
Bacille-Calmette-Guérin
Given to high risk infants for protection against TB and leprosy
Can be given at the same time as other live vaccines, but if not administered simultaneously there should be a 4 week interval
What are the indications for the BCG vaccine
all infants (0 to 12 months) living in areas of the UK where the annual incidence of TB is 40/100,000 or greater
all infants ( 0 to 12 months) with a parent or grandparent who was born in a country where the annual incidence of TB is 40/100,000 or greater. The same applies to older children but if they are 6 years old or older they require a tuberculin skin test first
previously unvaccinated tuberculin-negative contacts of cases of respiratory TB
previously unvaccinated, tuberculin-negative new entrants under 16 years of age who were born in or who have lived for a prolonged period (at least three months) in a country with an annual TB incidence of 40/100,000 or greater
healthcare workers
prison staff
staff of care home for the elderly
those who work with homeless people
What are the contraindications for the BCG vaccine
Previous BCG vaccination
A past history of tuberculosis
HIV
Pregnancy
Positive tuberculin test (Heaf or Mantoux)
>35y (no evidence of efficacy)
What is the MMR vaccine and when should it be given
Measles, mumps, rubella
2x doses before entry to primary school: 12-15 months, 3-4 months
The Green Book recommends allowing 3 months between doses to maximise the response rate.
A period of 1 month is considered adequate if the child is greater than 10 years of age.
In an urgent situation (e.g. an outbreak at the child’s school) then a shorter period of 1 month can be used in younger children.
What are the contraindications to the MMR
Severe immunosuppression
Allergy to neomycin
Children who have received another live vaccine by injection within 4 weeks
Pregnancy should be avoided for at least 1 month following vaccination
Immunoglobulin therapy within the past 3 months (there may be no immune response to the measles vaccine if antibodies are present)
What are the side effects of MMR
malaise, fever and rash 5-10 days after 1st dose (goes after 2-3 days)
Describe the influenza vaccine and when it is given
Three types: influenza A, B, and C (type A and B account for the majority)
New programme (2013): INTRANASAL live vaccine
First dose at 2-3 years old, then annually
If immunosuppressed: inactivated, injectable vaccine should be given
What are the contraindications to influenza vaccination
immunocompromised
aged < 2 years
current febrile illness or blocked nose/rhinorrhoea
current wheeze (e.g. ongoing viral-induced wheeze/asthma) or history of severe asthma (BTS step 4)
egg allergy
pregnancy/breastfeeding
if the child is taking aspirin (e.g. for Kawasaki disease) due to a risk of Reye’s syndrome
Describe the rotavirus vaccine
Oral, live attenuated vaccine
2 doses - 2 months then 3 months
Describe the tetanus vaccine
Cell-free purified toxin that is normally given as part of a vaccine
Given at 2,3,4 months and 3-5 years 13-18 years (5 doses altogether)
