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Foundations revision folder > Cell division > Flashcards

Cell division Flashcards

1
Q

G1/G2

A

-Organelles replicate
-Cell size grows
-Protein synthesis
-Respiration

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2
Q

S

A

DNA synthesis

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3
Q

Checkpoints

A

G1/G2/Metaphase

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4
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

-Checking size
-DNA errors - prevents synthesis

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5
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

-DNA replication
-Errors

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6
Q

Metaphase checkpoint

A

Checks spindle fibre is positioned correctly and the chromatids are attached properly so equal amounts of chromatids each side

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7
Q

Mitosis/cytokinesis

A

Mitosis - nucleus splits
Cytokinesis - cytoplasm splits

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8
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Interphase - chromatids to chromosomes
P1:
-Homologous chromosomes pair up
-Crossing over: swapping alleles
M1:
-Line up in homologous pairs along equator
-Independent assortment: random arrangement of female/male chromosomes ether side of spindle
A1:
-Carry swapped alleles to each pole
-Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate
-No separation at centromere
T1:
-Nuclear envelope reforms

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9
Q

What has resulted at the end of meiosis 1

A

Haploid - half the original set of chromosomes (n2)

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10
Q

Meiosis/mitosis

A

Meiosis: Haves the genetic material to make haploid gametes for reproduction
Mitosis: Cell division where cells make genetically identical daughter cells

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11
Q

Meiosis 2:

A

P2:
-Nuclear envelope breaks down
-Chromatin condenses
M1:
-Line up in pairs along the spindle region
-Independent assortment: crossed over alleles could be on the same or different sides
A1:
-Separates sister chromatids
-Splitting of centromere
T1:
-Nuclear envelope reforms
-DNA becomes no longer visible

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12
Q

What results at the end of meiosis 2

A

4 Haploid

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13
Q

Sperm specialisations

A

Hydrolytic enzymes in the sperm head so that it can penetrate the egg

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14
Q

SEM

A

Black and white but can add colour on the computer

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15
Q

Reasons for mitosis

A

-Body plan development
-Asexual reproduction
-Repair and growth of tissues

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16
Q

Explain why the type of nuclear division in a zygote is mitosis and not meiosis

A

Mitosis for the growth of zygote /needs to be genetically identical/ gametes not produced

17
Q

Suggest three ways in which the use of embryonic stem cells in research has practical benefits to
biological knowledge

A

1) can be grown into different tissues
to) test how effective new medicinal
drugs are (1)

2) (can be grown into different tissues
to) test for side effects / toxicity of
new drugs (1)

3) (can be grown and) studied to see
how they develop into different cell
types (developmental research)

4) cell function can be studied to find
out what can make it fail to work
properly in certain (named) diseases

18
Q

Explain the difference between muscle tissue and a muscle

A

1) muscle tissue is a group of cells
which contract together (1)

2) a muscle is an organ that consists of
muscle tissue and other (named)
tissues working together (1)

19
Q

Explain the role of embryonic stem cells in the development of the embryo

A

1) embryonic stem cells
(are) undifferentiated / not
specialised

2) (are) a renewing source of cells / AW

3) (can) differentiate into any cell type
(of the developing foetus)

20
Q

Explain why the cells of the inner cell mass are not totipotent stem cells.

A

1) not totipotent stem cells
as cannot form whole organism

2) cannot give rise to extra-embryonic
tissues / AW

21
Q

Why is the cell wall thicker on the inner side of the stoma

A

so the cell
does not change shape symmetrically as its volume changes

22
Q

shows that gills are adapted for efficient gas exchange

A

1) many / AW, lamellae / structure A,
provide large surface area (1)

2) presence of) secondary lamellae on
main lamellae provide large surface
area (1)

3) short distance between blood and,
water / outside (1)

4) idea that blood maintains diffusion
gradient (1)

any of above linked to
faster diffusion (of oxygen, carbon
dioxide) (1)

23
Q

. Name the type of cell present in meristematic tissue and describe how xylem vessel elements are produced from this type of cell.

A

1) Description - any three from,
by differentiation (1)

2) (cell) elongation (1)

3) deposition of lignin / lignification (of
cell walls) (1)

4) end walls break down (1)

24
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes in which each chromosome contains the same genes

25
Q

Why is the tip of a root good to use in an investigation when exploring mitosis

A

It is actively growing so will be undergoing mitosis

26
Q

What is a squash slide

A

Cells that have been squashed under the coverslip so it is easier to see the chromsomes

27
Q

Why do we need meiosis

A

To produce a haploid cells from a diploid cell for fertilisation

28
Q

RBC

A

Produced in the bone marrow by stem cells

Foundations revision folder (9 decks)

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