Memory

Question 1

Carter & Cassidy 1998

Answer 1

Participants were better at recalling words when conditions (antihistamines) at learning and recall matched
Suggests absence of internal cues contributed to forgetting
Supports Tulving’s ESP

Question 2

Godden & Baddeley 1975

Answer 2

Divers were better at recalling words in matching conditions
Suggests absence of external cues contributes to forgetting
Supports Tulving’s ESP

Question 3

McGeoch & McDonald 1931

Answer 3

Interference between words is greatest when the words are semantically similar
Suggests similarity is key variable in LTM interference

Question 4

Shallice & Warrington 1970

Answer 4

KF was amnesiac
Performed poorly on STM language tasks but well on visual ones
Suggests that STM is not one store (PL and VSS) - limitation of MSM

Question 5

Bahrick 1975

Answer 5

Accuracy in recalling names - 90% after 15 years, 70% after 48 years
Suggests duration of LTM may be unlimited

Question 6

Peterson & Peterson 1959

Answer 6

Trigrams experiment, given distractor task
After 3 secs = 80% recall
After 18 secs = 3%
Suggests very short duration in STM

Question 7

Miller 1956

Answer 7

Most people have digit span on 7+-2
Chunking can increase span
Suggests STM capacity is much smaller than LTM

Question 8

Baddeley 1966

Answer 8

STM makes acoustic errors (encodes acoustically)
LTM makes semantic errors (encodes semantically)

Question 9

Baddeley & Hitch 1977

Answer 9

Found rugby players were worse at remembering teams they played if they had played more subsequent games
Suggests interference is a bigger factor in forgetting than time

Question 10

Kohnken 1999

Answer 10

Cognitive interview gave 41% increase in accurate info than standard interview
BUT also gave more wrong info
Suggests cognitive interview is effectove

Question 11

Johnson & Scott 1976

Answer 11

Recall of man with bloody knife = 33%
Recall of man with pen = 49%
Suggests anxiety decreases accuracy of EWT
Weapons focus effect

Question 12

Baddeley 1975

Answer 12

Perform well doing one visual and one auditory task, but poorly doing 2 of the same task
Suggests that STM has separate systems

Question 13

Clive Wearing & HM

Answer 13

Both suffered amnesia
Lost episodic LTM but retained procedural LTM
LTM has 3 stores - support for WMM, limitation of MSM

Question 14

Loftus & Palmer 1974

Answer 14

Contacted = 31mph, smashed = 40mph (recall broken glass which was not there)
Suggests leading questions can create false memories, reducing EWT accuracy

Question 15

Gabbert 2003

Answer 15

After post event discussion = 71% recalled inaccurate info
No post event discussion = 0% inaccurate info
Suggests post event discussion reduces EWT accuracy

Question 16

Milne & Bull 2002

Answer 16

‘Report everything’ and ‘context reinstatement’ are effective but other 2 techniques are not
Suggests cognitive interview may need updating

Question 17

Yuille & Cutshall 1986

Answer 17

Real shooting
88% accuracy in high anxiety group
75% in low anxiety group
Suggests anxiety increases accuracy of EWT

Question 18

Episodic memory

Answer 18

Stores events / experiences from our lives. They are time stamped

Question 19

Semantic memory

Answer 19

Stores information / definitions / meanings of words.