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Year 2 Anatomy > ANATOMY: Shoulder, Arm and Elbow Part 1 > Flashcards

ANATOMY: Shoulder, Arm and Elbow Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the upper limb?

A

Upper limb favours mobility over stability (as opposed to lower limb), e.g. easier to dislocate shoulder than hip
Wide range of motion is facilitated by bones
Upper limb is only attached by the clavicle to the trunk - aiding high mobility

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2
Q

What are the parts of the upper limb?

A
  • shoulder
    • scapula and glenohumeral joint (aka shoulder joint)
    • clavicle and trunk (shoulder girdle)
  • arm
    • not the whole thing, just the upper part
    • humerus - long shaft
  • forearm
    • ulnar and radius
  • hand
    • carpal bones
    • metacarpals
    • phalanges
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3
Q

Describe the scapula

A
  • irregular bone, only connected to torso via muscles
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4
Q

The scapula is kinda floating, what does this mean?

A
  • we can retract and protract our scapula
  • when you abduct your humerus, you’ll probably move it 90 degrees before the scapula kicks in - it starts having to rotate as well and become abducted
    You can do this as it is not fixed to ribs, it is floating on bed of muscle
    Lateral rotation of the scapula is esp important for the abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint
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5
Q

What structure is represented by each of the numbers?

A
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6
Q

Label this

A
  • supraspinous and infraspinous fossa are going to be filled with muscle
  • scapular spine ends in the acromion process
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7
Q

Label this

A
  • subscapular fossa - more muscles sit here
  • glenoid fossa is site of glenohumeral joint
  • scapular notch - important for some arteries to pass thru
  • Coracoid process - muscular attachment joint
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8
Q

Which joint connects the clavicle and scapula?

A

Clavicle and scapula connected by acromioclavicular joint. This doesn’t facilitate a great deal of movement, it is a plane joint - more so stability

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9
Q

Label this

A
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10
Q

Label this

A

Ligaments steady and support the joint

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11
Q

Which joint connects the shoulder to the arm?

A

glenohumeral connects the shoulder and arm, it has high mobility and low stability

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12
Q

Label this

A
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13
Q

Label this

A
  • intertubercular sulcus - where long tendon of biceps brachii runs
  • deltoid tuberosity - where deltoid muscle attaches
  • radial groove - radial nerve runs in this
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14
Q

Label and describe the structures here

A
  • glenoid labrum - fibrous structure which forms a lip - deepens the joint - give it extra support
  • ball and socket joint. the head is too big for the socket, relies on musculature and ligaments TO HOLD IT IN PLACE
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15
Q

Label this

A

there are three thickenings of the joint capsule called the glenohumeral ligaments in particular that are labelled here as the capsular ligaments
- capsular ligaments - helps to support unstable joint
- supraspinatus tendon - from rotator cuff muscles

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16
Q

What are the anterior axio-appendicular muscles?

A
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17
Q

What is pectoralis major? Describe the heads of pectoralis major and where they originate.

A

Adduct (bring in) and medially rotate humerus
- scapula - draws antero-inferiorly
- heads flex/extend humerus respectively, depending on the head that is being activated
The pectoralis major has: the clavicular head which originates from medial half of clavicle. Flexes arm
The sternocostal head originates from the anterior sternum, from 1-6 costal cartilages they attach external oblique. Extends arm

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18
Q

Label this

A
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19
Q

Describe the serratus anterior

A

Consists of several strips, which originate from the lateral aspects of ribs 1-8. they attach to the costal surface of the medial scapula border.
Function:rotates the scapula, allowing the arm to be raised over 90 degrees. It also holds the scapula against the ribcage.

20
Q

Describe pectoralis minor

A

Pec minor not connected to humerus - no action on the arm. Instead joins to scapula from ribs.
Function: Stabilises the scapula by drawing it anteroinferiorly against the thoracic wall.
- attachments: originates from the 3rd-5th ribs and inserts into the coracoid process of the scapula.

21
Q

Label this

A
22
Q

Describe the subclavius

A

Attachments: originates from the junction of the 1st rib and its costal cartilage. It inserts onto the inferior surface of the middle third of the clavicle.
Function: anchors and depresses the clavicle.

23
Q

Label the posterior axio-appendicular muscles on this diagram. What are these muscles innervated by?

A

All superficial muscles of the back are all innervated by ventral branches of spinal nerves
Dorsal branches supply deep muscles

24
Q

Describe the trapezius

A

Originates from the skull, nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7-T12. The fibres attach to the clavicle, acromion, and the scapula spine.
Actions: abduction of the upper limb at the shoulder (by rotating the scapula). The upper fibres of trapezius also elevate the scapula, the middle fibres retract, and the lower fibres depress.

25
Q

Describe the latissimus dorsi

A

Attachments: has a broad origin – arising from the spinous processes of T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and the inferior three ribs.
The fibres converge on humerus - intertubercular groove
Extends, adducts + medially rotates the upper limb.

26
Q

Describe the rhomboid minor

A

Originates from the spinous processes of C7-T1 vertebrae. Attaches to the medial border of the scapula, at the level of the spine of scapula.
Actions: Retracts and rotates the scapula

27
Q

Describe the rhomboid major

A

Originates from the spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae. Attaches to the medial border of the scapula, between the scapula spine and inferior angle.
Actions: retracts and rotates the scapula.

28
Q

Describe the levator scapulae

A

Attachments: originates from the transverse processes of the C1-C4 vertebrae and attaches to the medial border of the scapula
Actions: elevates the scapula.

29
Q

The trapezius is split into 3 parts, describe these

A
30
Q

Label this

A
31
Q

Label this

A
32
Q

Which muscles run from the scapula to the humerus?

A
33
Q

What are the attachments of the deltoid

A

attachments: Originates from the lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion and the spine of the scapula.
It attaches to the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral aspect of thehumerus.

34
Q

What are the actions of the deltoid muscle fibres

A

Actions:
Anterior fibres – flexion and medial rotation at the shoulder
Posterior fibres – extension and lateral rotation at the shoulder
Middle fibres – abduction at the shoulder (takes over from the supraspinatus, which abducts the first 15 degrees).

35
Q

Label this

A
36
Q

What does this arrow point to? Also what are the highlighted structures?

A
37
Q

What are the attachments and actions of teres major?

A

Attachments: originates from the posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula. It attaches to the medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
Actions: Adduction, extension and medial rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder.

38
Q

Label this

A
39
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
    The rotator cuff muscles originate from the scapula and attach to the humeral head.
    Collectively, the resting tone of these muscles pullsthe humeral head into the glenoid fossa, giving extra stability to glenohumeral joint
40
Q

Label this, and hihglight the rotator cuff muscles

A
41
Q

What is the function, origin and innervation of the suprasinatus and infraspinatus?

A

Supraspinatus: Abduction of arm. Originates from upraspinous fossa, attaches to greater tubercle of humerus. Innervation: Suprascapular nerve

Infraspinatus: Laterally rotates arm. Originates from infraspinous fossa, attaches to greater tubercle of humerus. Innervation: Suprascapular nerve

42
Q

What is the function, origin and innervation of the teres minor and subscapularis?

A

Teres minor: Laterally rotates arm. Originates from lateral border of scapula, attaches to greater tubercle of humerus. Innervation: Axillary nerve

Subscapularis: Medially rotates arm. Originates from subscapular fossa, attaches to lesser tubercle of the humerus. Innervation: Upper and lower subscapular nerves

43
Q

Label this

A
44
Q

Label

A
45
Q

What are bursa and what is their function?

A

Synovial joints have synovial cavities filled w synovial fluid
Sometimes cavities have extra space/bubbles= bursa
Function of bursa =reduce friction between moving parts in your body’s joints.
Bursa run underneath tendons and ligaments to reduce friction as they are lined internally by synovial membrane

Year 2 Anatomy (17 decks)

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