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Abdomen 2 > Abdomen 2 final Retroperitoneum review > Flashcards

Abdomen 2 final Retroperitoneum review Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following is not a retroperitoneal compartment?
a. anterior pararenal space
b. perirenal space
c. posterior parietal space
d. posterior pararenal space

A

c

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2
Q

which retroperitoneal space contains no organs?

A

posterior pararenal space

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3
Q

which of the following is NOT found within the anterior pararenal space?
a. pancreas
b. adrenal glands
c. ascending colon
d. distal CBD

A

b

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4
Q

which of the following is NOT found within the perirenal space?
a. kidneys
b. great vessels
c. adrenal glands
d. pancreas

A

d

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5
Q

what lymph nodes are located surrounding the major blood vessels of the retroperitoneum?

A

parietal lymph nodes

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6
Q

Parietal nodes can be found in the retroperitoneum do NOT surround which of the following vessels?
a. portal vein
b. celiac axis
c. internal iliac artery
d. superior mesenteric artery

A

a

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7
Q

What lymph nodes are located along the small bowel and mesentery?

A

lacteals

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8
Q

Lymph nodes affected by lymphadenitis typically do NOT have which of the following characteristics?
a. ovoid shape
b. loss of the fatty hilum
c. hyperemia
d. larger than normal

A

b

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9
Q

primary malignant lymph nodes do NOT have which of the following characteristics?
a. more hypoechoic
b. round shape
c. loss of the fatty hilum
d. hyperemia

A

d

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10
Q

which of the following statements regarding lymphadenopathy and AIDS is false?
a. enlarged lymph nodes appear hyperechoic with a loss of the fatty hilum
b. enlarged lymph nodes appear hypoechoic and bowel wall thickening may also be seen
c. lymph nodes in patients with tuberculosis may appear anechoic due to necrosis
d. patients with AIDS may develop Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma

A

a

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11
Q

which of the following is NOT a malignant tumor of the retroperitoneum?
a. liposarcoma
b. rhabdomyosarcoma
c. myxosarcoma
d. retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

d

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12
Q

what is the most common primary malignancy of the retroperitoneum?

A

liposarcoma

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13
Q

what is the sonographic appearance of liposarcomas?

A

extremely large, poorly marginated, complex retroperitoneal mass

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14
Q

what is the most common site for retroperitoneal infections?

A

anterior pararenal space

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15
Q

what is the most common cause of posterior pararenal fluid collections?

A

abscess or hemorrhage from aortic disease

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16
Q

Your patient presents with a history of pancreatitis to rule out the presence of a pseudocyst. Which retroperitoneal compartment would contain a pseudocyst?

A

anterior pararenal space

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17
Q

a patient presents with a history of left ureteropelvic junction obstruction. A fluid collection is seen surrounding the left kidey. What is the likely diagnosis of the fluid collection?

A

urinoma

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18
Q

while performing an abdominal examination on a patient, you suspect the lymph nodes surrounding the great vessels are enlarged. What is the normal measurement for the lymph nodes in this location?

A

less than 10 mm

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19
Q

which retroperitoneal compartment contains the psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles?

A

posterior pararenal space

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20
Q

while performing an abdominal sonogram you notice multiple rounded hypoechoic structures in the splenic and left renal hilum. These structures appear to be distorting the surrounding blood vessels. What is the most likely diagnosis ?

A

lymphadenopathy

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21
Q

Where is the retroperitoneum located?

A

between the parietal peritoneum and the anterior transversalis fascia

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22
Q

which statement describes the posterior pararenal space?
a. it contains the pancreas and the ascending and descending colong
b. it is between renal fascia and transversalis fascia and contains fat
c. it contains the kidney, the renal vessels, the adrenal gland, perinephric fat, aorta, and inferior vena cava
c. it contains organs and fat

A

b

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23
Q

which statement describes the anterior pararenal space?
a. it is bordered anteriorly by the anterior renal fascia
b. it contains the pancreas and the ascending and descending colon
c. it is between the renal fascia and transversalis fascia and contains fat
d. it contains the kidney, the renal vessels, the adrenal gland, perinephric fat, aorta, and inferior vena cava

A

b

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24
Q

what lymph nodes around the aorta and inferior vena cava provide the most reliable indicator of lymphadenopathy?

A

posterior

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25
Q

what pathology describes the enlargement of lymph nodes caused by inflammation, primary neoplasia, or metastasis?

A

lymphadenopathy

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26
Q

what is the typical sonographic appearance of enlarged lymph nodes?

A

oval with low- to medium-level echo pattern

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27
Q

what is the most common type of soft tissue malignant tumor that can occur in fatty tissue anywhere in the body but are most frequently seen in the extremities and the retroperitoneal tissues?

A

liposarcomas

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28
Q

what is a common neoplasm associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome?

A

lymphoma

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29
Q

what may fuse together to form a lobulated mantle-like soft tissue mass anterior to the great vessels?

A

enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes

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30
Q

the distal CBD can be located embedded in which retroperitoneal compartment?

A

anterior pararenal space

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31
Q

why should a sonographer select a lower frequency with either an anterior or coronal scanning approach?

A

obtain best penetration

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32
Q

Solid masses are usually _____ in the retroperitoneum.

A

metastic

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33
Q

Most common primary malignancy of the retroperitoneum.

A

liposarcoma

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34
Q

what develop as an extension from an adjacent organ such as renal infection, diverticulitis, and Chron’s disease?

A

retroperitoneal abscess

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35
Q

what can happen because of a tear in the urinary collecting system?

A

urinoma

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36
Q

Fluid collections in the posterior pararenal space are most commonly associated with what?

A

aortic disease

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37
Q

The anterior pararenal space contains a portion of?

A

digestive tract, pancreas, distal CBD

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38
Q

What is a smooth muscle tumor and is the 2nd most common primary malignancy?

A

leiomyosarcoma

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39
Q

a pocket of infection typically containing pus, blood, and degenerating tissue

A

abscess

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40
Q

enlargement of lymph nodes due to inflammation, primary neoplasia, or metastasis

A

adenopathy

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41
Q

fluid, such as blood, bile, or urine, that is forced out or leaks out of its normal vessel into the surrounding tissues or potential spaces

A

extravasate

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42
Q

a thin sheet-like tissue that separates musclss

A

fascia

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43
Q

a term used to describe the aorta and IVC together

A

great vessels

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44
Q

an extravasated collection of blood localized within a potential space or tissues

A

hematome

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45
Q

blood borne virus that attacks T lymphocytes resulting in their destruction or impairment eventually leading to AIDS

A

HIV

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46
Q

Distortion or displacement of normal anatomy due to a mass, neoplasm, or fluid collection

A

mass effect

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47
Q

the spread of cancer from the site at which it first arose to a distant site

A

metastasis

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48
Q

planes that are perpendicular or 90 degrees to each other

A

orthogonal

49
Q

a new growth of benign or malignant origin

A

primary neoplasm

50
Q

an extravasated urine collection due to a tear of the urinary collecting system

A

urinoma

51
Q

extravasated lymphatic fluid within the retroperitoneum

A

lymphocele

52
Q

primary modality for evaluating the retroperitoneal cavity

A

CT

53
Q

What lymph nodes are located surrounding the major blood vessels of the retroperitoneum?

A

parietal lymph nodes

54
Q

what lymph nodes are located along the small bowel and mesentery?

A

lacteals

55
Q

what is the most common primary malignancy of the retroperitoneum?

A

liposarcoma

56
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a liposarcoma?

A

extremely large, poorly marginated, complex retroperitoneal mass

57
Q

what is the most common site for retroperitoneal infections?

A

anterior pararenal space

58
Q

what is the most common cause of posterior pararenal collections?

A

abscess or hemorrhage from aortic disease

59
Q

the area that lies behind the peritoneal membrance is referred to as the

A

retroperitoneum

60
Q

the retroperitoneum lies between the parietal peritoneum and anterior to the

A

transverse fascia

61
Q

lymph nodes are located 360 degrees around the great vessels. The nodes that lie posterior to the great vessels may displace the aorta and IVC _____ when enlarged.

A

anteriorly

62
Q

a fluid collection that may occur following lymph node dissection for cancer staging

A

lymphocele

63
Q

Retroperitoneal fluid collections include:

A

abscess, hematoma, urinoma, lymphocele

64
Q

Fluid collections within the perirenal space are generally associated with _____ abnormalities.

A

renal

65
Q

an enlargment of lymph nodes due to an inflammatory process is called

A

lymphadenitis

66
Q

the second most common primary retroperitoneal malignany is

A

leiomyosarcoma

67
Q

Malignant tumors tend to be _____ and more _____ than their benign counterparts

A

larger
complex

68
Q

The major compartments of the retroperitoneum

A

anterior pararenal space
perirenal or perinephric space
posterior pararenal space

69
Q

The anterior pararenal space is bordered anteriorly by the _____ ______ ______ and posteriorly by the _____ ______ ______.

A

posterior parietal peritoneum
anterior perirenal fascia

70
Q

The perirenal space is bordered anteriorly by the _____ and posteriorly by the _____.

A

anterior renal fascia
posterior renal fascia

71
Q

The posterior renal space lies between the _____ and the _____.

A

posterior renal fascia
transversalis fascia

72
Q

Solid masses found in the retroperitoneum are usually _____ and most frequently involve the _____.

A

metastatic
lymph nodes

73
Q

On color or power Doppler, lymphadenitis demonstrates

A

hyperemia

74
Q

Primary malignant nodes tend to become more ____ to _____ and round shaped with a length to width ratio of less than two

A

hypoechoic
anechoic

75
Q

______ is a very common finding in patients with AIDS

A

lymphadenopathy

76
Q

Chronic inflammatory process that results in fibrous tissue proliferation affecting and encasing the great vessels, ureters, and lymphatics of the retroperitoneum

A

retroperitoneal fibrosis

77
Q

Primary malignancies of the retroperitoneum include:

A

liposarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
rhabdomyosarcoma
myxosarcoma
fibrosarcoma

78
Q

Most common primary malignancy of the retroperitoneum, representing 95% of all fatty retroperitoneal tumors

A

liposarcoma

79
Q

Most common site for retroperitoneal infections is

A

anterior pararenal space

80
Q

Sonographically, enlarged lymph nodes typically appear as

A

oval to round shaped masses with a low to medium level echo patter

81
Q

Sonographically primary malignant nodes tend to be

A

more hypoechoic to anechoic, more round than oval in shape, asymmetric cortical widening and loss of normal fatty hilum

82
Q

A distortion or displacement of normal anatomy due to a mass, neoplasm, or fluid collection

A

mass effect

83
Q

Which retroperitoneal space contains no organs?

A

posterior pararenal space

84
Q

what are lymph nodes that are found surrounding the major blood vessels of the retroperitoneum?

A

parietal lymph nodes

85
Q

what are lymph nodes found along the small bowel and mesentery called?

A

lacteals

86
Q

What is the most common cause of posterior pararenal fluid collections?

A

Abscess or hemorrhage from aortic disease

87
Q

which retroperitoneal compartment would contain a pseudocyst?

A

anterior pararenal space

88
Q

A fluid collection is seen surrounding the left kidney. What is the likely diagnosis of the fluid collection?

A

urinoma

89
Q

what is the normal measurement for lymph nodes surrounding the great vessels

A

less than 10 mm

90
Q

which retroperitoneal compartment contains the psoas and quadrates lumborum muscles?

A

posterior pararenal space

91
Q

Sonographic findings of retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

large, hypoechoic mass surrounding the abdominal aorta

92
Q

indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes

A

filter lymph
immune surveillance

93
Q

what structures functions to filter lymph

A

lymph nodes

94
Q

Lymphatic _____ drain into the subclavian veins

A

ducts

95
Q

What cell type has receptors on their surface that enables them to recognize nonself antigens

A

lymphocytes

96
Q

Malignant smooth muscle tumors in uterus and GI tract

A

leiomyosarcomas

97
Q

Dense, fibrous sheets of connective tissue extending from the perirenal space to dome of bladder

A

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

98
Q

Best diagnostic toll for Cystic masses/ retroperitoneal fluid collections is?

A

FNA

99
Q

Abscess presents with

A

leukocytosis
fever
point tenderness

100
Q

urinoma is due to:

A

trauma
obstruction
renal transplant

101
Q

sonographic appearance of benign lymph node pathology is

A

echogenic lymph node with fatty hilum

102
Q

adenopathy is secondary to lymphoma is usually _____ in appearance

A

sonolucent

103
Q

adenopathy secondary to metastatic disease is usually ______.

A

complex

104
Q

the fluid that enters the lymphatic plexus is referred to as

A

lymph

105
Q

In the retroperitoneum, lymph nodes are usually divided into

A

deep abdominal (or parietal) lymph nodes
Superficial abdominal (or visceral) lymph nodes

106
Q

lymph nodes encircling the aorta or IVC or both are considered abnormal in size if they are greater than

A

> 10

107
Q

the anterior pararenal space contains portions of the :

A

digestive tract
pancreas
distal common bile duct

108
Q

The perirenal space contains the:

A

kidneys
adrenal glands
perinephric fat
aorta
IVC

109
Q

The posterior pararenal space contains

A

no organs, only fat

110
Q

retroperitoneal infections most commonly occur in the ________ space as a result of appendicitis, bowel inflammation, trauma, or pancreatitis

A

anterior pararenal

111
Q

Fluid collections in the _____ are generally associated with renal abnormalities such as nephritis, ruptured renal artery aneurysm, or bleeding from a renal neoplasm

A

perirenal space

112
Q

Fluid collections in the _______ space are most commonly associated with aortic disease and may include hemorrhage from rupture or infection from surgical procedures

A

posterior pararenal

113
Q

Which retroperitoneal compartment contains the pancreas, the ascending colon, and the descending colon?

A

anterior pararenal space

114
Q

Which lymphatic nodes are located in the retroperitoneum?

A

Mesenteric

115
Q

What pathology describes the enlargement of lymph nodes caused by inflammation, primary neoplasia, or metastasis?

A

Lymphadenopathy

116
Q

Which echo pattern is usually seen with primary malignant nodes like those seen with lymphoma?

A

Round shaped, hypoechoic to anechoic

117
Q

what is the extent of the retroperitoneum?

A

From the diaphragm superiorly to the pelvic brim inferiorly

118
Q

what is the primary difference in the sonographic appearance between retroperitoneal fibrosis and para-aortic lymphadenopathy?

A

Renal fascia is less echogenic and smaller

Abdomen 2 (9 decks)

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