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Psychophysiology > Physiological Psychology Lecture #4 > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology Lecture #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Add something to the environment.

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2
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Remove something form the environment.

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3
Q

The regions that substances effect

A
  1. Basal Ganglia
  2. Amygdala
  3. PFC
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4
Q

Basal Ganglia and Substance Exposure

A

Repeated exposure = decrease sensitivity = tolerance.

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5
Q

Amygdala and Substance Exposure

A

Withdrawal feelings = motivation to seek out substances.

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6
Q

PFC

A

Reduced impulse control.
Adolescence = 50% of substance abuse, increase severity and polysubstance use disorder.

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7
Q

What structures are involved in the reward system?

A
  • Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
  • Nucleus Accumbens
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Prefrontal cortex
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8
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

Dopamine rich nucleus that mediates reward system.
- Located in midbrain.
- Sends dopamine to the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

Increases VTA pathways–implicated in OCD.

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9
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Involved in all motivational-relevant stimuli = rewarding or aversive.

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10
Q

Amygdala

A

Happiness and enjoyment.
Anxiety, irritability, and unease-withdrawal feelings = motivation to seek out substances.

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11
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory and learning.

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12
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Reasoning, problem-solving, impulse control, creativity, perseverance.

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13
Q

Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway

A

Route between VTA, nucleus accumbens, and limbic system.

  • Key pathway in pleasure and reward.
  • Substance use.
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14
Q

Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway

A

Route between VTAA/nucleus accumbens, and PFC

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15
Q

Stress

A

Increase in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- Strengthens the amygdala
- Weakens he hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

Results in:
- Negative emotional state
- Lack of executive control = increase in risk of relapse.
- Memory of relief/cravings.

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16
Q

Is stress a universal construct?

A
  • East Asians: increase in interdependence which results in increase in psychosocial distress.
  • Expressions of Stress:
    Chinese, Japanese, Korean = emphasis in physical symptoms.
    North Americans = emphasize psychological symptoms of stress.
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17
Q

Neural Effects

A

Cocaine, pathological gambling, nicotine = decrease in gray matter in PFC.

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18
Q

Hypofrontality

A

Decrease in PFC activity.
- Seen commonly in schizophrenia.
- High comorbidity with SUDs

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19
Q

Peptides

A

Two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

20
Q

Endogenous Opioids Receptors

A

Widely distributed through the CNS and PNS–produced by the body itself.

Functions Include:
- modulation of pain response
- reward and reinfrocement
- inhibit flee response

Most Common:
- Enkenphalins
- Endorphins
- Dynorphins

21
Q

Endogenous Peptides and Substance Abuse

A
  • Mediate the reward and reinforcement properties.
  • Drugs of abuse/exogenous peptides = increase endorphins and enkephalins which leads to a giant dopamine surge.
22
Q

Moderate Drinking Impact

A

Small amounts still increase risk of CVD-related illnesses. Risk attenuated by healthy lifestyle.

23
Q

Moderate Drinking Guidelines

A

Females = up to 1 drink per day
Males = up to 2 drinks per day

24
Q

Heavy Drinking Guidelines

A

Females = 8 or more per week
Males = 15 or more per week

25
Q

Binge Drinking (in 2-3 hours)

A

Females = 4 or more
Males = 5 or more

26
Q

ETOH Cultural Factors

A
  • 5-23% of population are hangover “resistant”.
  • Approx. 36% of East Asians experience Asian flush.
27
Q

Absorption of Alcohol

A

GI Tact, 20% stomach, 80% small intestine.
- Food inhibits absorption by causing oxidation of alcohol.
- Impacts vitamin absorption.

28
Q

Metabolism of Alcohol

A

Primary hepatic (90%)
- Metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase requires B vitamins.

29
Q

Excretion of Alcohol

A

Urine
- Diuretic properties leads to decreased nutrients and dehydration.

30
Q

Neural Effects of Alchol

A

ETOH = Overall CNS Depressant

31
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Thiamine Deficiency
- Thiamine plays roles in brain cell energy production and maintenance and synthesis of myelin.

32
Q

Alcohol Neuropathy

A

Peripheral Nerve Damage

33
Q

Alcoholic Cerebellar Damage

A

Deterioration of cerebellar neurons.
- Chronic incoordination, slurred speech, jerky movements, tremor, nystagmus.

34
Q

Alcoholic Myopathy

A

Progressive muscle damage.
- Symptoms include:
Muscle atrophy, stiffness, spasm, and spasms and cramps

35
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A
  • Umbrella term for a range of physical, cognitive and behavioral disorders cause by prenatal alcohol exposure.
  • 1-5% of first grade children has FASD.
  • Small head, flat mid-face, thin upper lip, short nose, small eye openings, low nasal bridge.
36
Q

Stimulant Pharmacokinetics

A

Impact the brain’s level of epinephrine/norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin.

37
Q

Primary Risk Factors of Stimulants

A
  • Reduced seizure threshold.
  • Increase blood pressure, heart rate, hypertension which can lead to increased risk of store, MI.
  • Poor appetite, mood swings, anxiety, insomnia.

Toxic Levels = paranoia, psychosis.

38
Q

Nicotine Absorption

A

Enters blood stream via lungs.
Reaches the brain in 7 seconds.
Mimics Ach = arousal, learning, memory and emotion.

39
Q

Nicotine Effects

A

Binds to nicotinic receptors which leads to changes in cerebral metabolism.

Stimulates adrenal glands which leads to increase BP, HR, respiration, alertness, and epinephrine.

40
Q

Nicotine Metabolism and Excretion

A
  • Increased metabolism.
  • Metabolized by liver, lungs, kidneys = cotinine.
  • Excreted via Urine.
41
Q

Cannabis

A
  • THC mimics anandamide which effects the endocannabinoid system.
  • THC is much more potent than anandamide.
  • Effects energy, mood, appetite, and perception of time.
42
Q

Absorption of Cannabis

A
  • Inhalation–peak plasma concentration 3-10 minutes.
  • Oral–peak plasma concentration roughly 120 minutes.
43
Q

Distribution of Cannabis

A

Rapidly to well vascularized organs.
Accumulates in adipose tissue.

44
Q

Metabolism of Cannabis

A

Predominantly hepatic.
- Able to cross the placenta; released in breast milk.

  • Excreted through urine, feces, and sweat.
45
Q

2 Categories of Hallucinogens

A
  1. Classic (impact serotonin): LSD, psillocybin, peyote)
  2. Dissociative (contribute to reduced control and disconnection): PCP, ketamine.
46
Q

Sugar

A
  • High sugar diets lead to decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factors.
  • BDNF modulates growth, development and communication between synapses.
47
Q

Technology Addiction

A
  • Increased used = increase SUD, ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, poor coping.

Psychophysiology (11 decks)

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