infectious spread (W9)

Question 1

which areas of the body would you not expect microbial organisms in normal circumstances

Answer 1

major organs (brain, heart, liver)
bone/bone marrow
joints

Question 2

example of zoonotic pathogens

Answer 2

chlamydophila psittaci - from birds, causes psittacosis

Question 3

transmission stages?

Answer 3

escape from reservoir (eg person, animals, water, soil, etc)
transport to new host
entry
escape

Question 4

how often do bacteria replicate

Answer 4

every 20 minutes

Question 5

what can neutrophils detect

Answer 5

changes in temperature, oxygen, pH, etc

Question 6

what happens once the innate immune system recognises bacterial cells

Answer 6

epithelial/endothelial cells produce cytokines which bring in neutrophils. can lead to inflammation, raise in temperature, increased heart rate and breathing rate

Question 7

what is incubation time

Answer 7

time between infection and developing symptoms

Question 8

strategies for evading host defences?

Answer 8

concealment of antigens
intracellular persistence
colonise privileged sites
take up host membranes or molecules (mainly viruses)

Question 9

which diseases make the host more susceptible

Answer 9

diabetes
chronic renal disease
chronic liver disease
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
malignancy
immunosuppression