Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

*3. Thorax > Pharmacology: asthma > Flashcards

Pharmacology: asthma Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 key characteristics of asthma?

A

Airway obstruction
Airway inflammation
Airway hyperreactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is airway obstruction in asthma reversible?
Airway hyperactivity involves:
Does asthma involve an immediate stage and a late stag?

A

Yes
hyperreactivity - irritants have stronger effects on asthmatic airways than healthy airways
Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 4 potential triggers for asthma?

A

Viral infections
Physical activity (inhalation of cold air)
Pollutants
Allergens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the steps for the immediate phase of asthma

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the link between the immediate and late phase of asthma?

A

Chemotaxins and chemokines - attract leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the steps of the late stage of asthma

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does allergic asthma fit into this pathway?

A

Allergen engulfed by APC and presented to helper T cells. Which differentiate into B cells which secrete IgE (the allergy antibody).
IgE receptors are expressed on eosinophils and mast cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe bronchiole inflammation resulting from asthma

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 2 non pharmacological asthma management strategies?

A
  • Allergen avoidance
  • Monitoring severity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Asthma drugs work on which 2 processes?
The two main categories of asthma medications are:

A

Inhibiting bronchoconstriction or inflammation
Preventers and relievers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 7 classes of asthma drugs?

A

SABA, LABA
SAMA, LAMA
ICS
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
mAb’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists:
- Mechanism of action?
- Side effects?
- Does it impact inflammation?

A

Activate B2 receptors - bronchodilation
Increased HR rate, skeletal muscle tremor
Not very much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SABAs: short acting beta adrenoceptor agonists
- Indications for use?
- When asthma is mild, can SABAs sometimes be used alone?
- Onset and duration?
- 2 examples?

A

Use when required for mild/intermittent asthma
Yes
Onset: 5-15 minutes; duration: 3-6 hours
Salbutamol (ventolin), terbutaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

LABAs: long acting beta adrenoceptor agonists
- What must they be used in combination with, and why?
- Duration?
- 2 examples?

A

ICS - when used alone, can lead to tachyphylaxis (tolerance to LABAs –> doesn’t work during attack)
12 hours
Salmeterol, eformoterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Muscarinic receptor antagonists
- What receptor does it primarily act on? And its usual function?
- What is its mechanism of action?

A

M3 receptors; bronchoconstriction
Blocks these receptors –> bronchodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SAMAs - short acting muscarinic receptor antognists
- Example?
- Which muscarinic receptor subtypes do they act on? Implications?
- What is it helpful in doing?
- Is it effective in allergic asthma?
- Describe the absorption and consequent effect on ADRs

A

Ipratropium
M2/M3
- Less M3 –> smaller role in bronchodilation
- M2 autoregulates to release ACh –> counteracting drug effects
Reducing mucus secretion, improving mucus clearance
No
Polar, so is not well absorbed systemically - minimal ADRs apart from dry mouth

17
Q

LAMAs - long acting muscarinic receptor antagonists
- 2 examples?
- Describe M receptor selectivity
- Compared to SAMAs, does it take shorter or longer to dissociate from it’s receptor? Implications on duration of drug?
- Indications for drugs?

A

Tiotropium, glycopyrrolate
More selective for M2
Longer - longer action
More used in COPD; and glycopyrrolate in palliative care

18
Q

INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS
Mechanism of action:
- Which process does it reduce?
- What are the non cellular and cellular mechanisms through which it does this?
- What effects does this have on the bronchi?

A

Inflammation
Non cellular: less cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, IgG
Cellular: less mast cells (hence histamine), less eosinophils
Reduced swelling, secretions, bronchial hyperreactivity

19
Q

INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS
- 2 examples?
- Is it a preventer or reliever?
- Can it be used alone and with B2 agonists? Do they have an additive effect?
- How long does it take for them to work?
- What 3 adverse effects are common, and do these arise from improper technique?
- Generally, when used with proper technique, does it have minimal systemic effects?
- Can oral corticosteroids also be used?

A

Fluticasone, budesonide
Preventer
Yes - penetration of ICS’s is increased by B2 agonists
Around 6 months
Angular chelitis, oral thrush, exacerbation of diabetes symptoms; yes
Yes
Yes - but short term

20
Q

LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
What is the nromal role of leukotrienes?

A

Inflammatory cell migration
Mucus secretion
Bronchoconstriction
Bronchial hyperactivity

21
Q

LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Montelukast
- What specific receptor does it antagonist?
- What are it’s two indications?

A

CysLT1
Allergic asthma (especially in children)
Reducing exercise induced asthma

22
Q

LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Montelukast
- Can it be used alone or in combination?
- Does it work less well than salbutamol, but additive in combination?
- Describe formulation

A

Yes - with ICS, or ICS+LABA
Yes
Tablet with chewable option

23
Q

LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Montelukast
- Common ADRs?
- Rare ADRs?

A

Headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea
Meuropsychiatric events (nightmares, hallucinations, aggression, suicidal thoughts and behaviours)

24
Q

mAb’s
Which one targets IgE?
Which one targets IL-5?

A

Omaluzumab
Mepoluzumab

25
Q

Omaluzumab:
- Mechanism of action
- Additional indication?

A

Binds to IgE, preventing it from attaching to mast cells –> prevents allergic asthma
Urticaria unresponsive to antihistamines

26
Q

Mepoluzumab:
- Mechanism of action
- Indication?

A

Ordinarily, IL-5 regulates eosinophil production. So Mepoluzumab blocks eosinophil production via IL-5
Severe, refractory eosinophilic asthma

27
Q

What are the 2 main types of inhalers?

A

Metered dose inhaler: quick delivery in an inert propellant gas
Dry powder inhalers: drug is delivered in powder form

28
Q

What are the 2 inhaler accessories

A

Spacers (used with MDI)
Nebulisers: creates larger droplets which deposit deeper into the airways

29
Q

Inhalers:
- Are spacers + inhalers together than inhaler alone at getting the drug into lungs?
- If there is static electricity in the spacer, can the drug stick there andnot get to the lungs?

A

Yes
Yes

30
Q

The 7 types of inhalers? (Probably don’t need to know!)

A

*3. Thorax (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions