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OS 201 Reviewer > Exam 4 - Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, Regulation > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What stage does the dividing cell leave the cell cycle?

A

G1

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2
Q

In rapidly dividing embryonic cells, dominant stage in cell cycle?

A

M + S

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3
Q

cyclin with increased concentration after interphase

A

cyclin B

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4
Q

cyclin present in most stages of cell cycle

A

cyclin D

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5
Q

restriction point characteristics

A

within G1
commits cells to divide
makes cell insensitive to mitogens beyond this point

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6
Q

G1 checkpoint in animals

A

R point

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7
Q

modes of CDK regulation

A

interaction with CDK inhibitors
ubiquination of cyclins
phosphorylation of CDKs

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8
Q

begins cyclin ubiquination

A

cyclin destruction box

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9
Q

most frequently mutated protein in human tumors

A

p16

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10
Q

p21 mode of CDK inhibition

A

bind to active site

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11
Q

INK4 mode of CDK inhibition

A

replace cyclin

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12
Q

result of Cdc25 deficit and Wee1 excess

A

elongated cells

increased G2 phase

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13
Q

activates Cdc2

A

Cdc25

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14
Q

inhibits Cdc2

A

Wee1

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15
Q

Wee1

A

inhibits Cdc2

prolongs G2

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16
Q

result of Wee1 deficit and excess Cdc25

A

small cells

decreased G2 Phase

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17
Q

chemical modification mediating cyclin destruction

A

ubiquitination

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18
Q

most important checkpoints in cell cycle

A

G2-M

G1-S

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19
Q

effect of CDK inhibitor on cell cycle

A

disrupts G1-S transition

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20
Q

mechanism of INK4 family as inhibitors

A

disrupt association of cyclin with CDK

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21
Q

characteristics and features of apoptosis (10)

A 
activation of caspase in cytoplasm
activation of nucleases in nucleus
occupation of death receptor on membrane
release of cyt c from mitochondria
dimerization of Bcl-2 family
translocation of phosphatidylserine
ATP dependency
internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (ladder pattern)
absent at 4-deg
no inflammation
cell shrinkage
membrane blebbing
lamin breakdown
phosphorylation of bad protein(?)
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22
Q

caspase where extrinsic and intrinsic caspase cascades converge

A

caspase 3

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23
Q

pyknosis

A

nuclear shrinkage
DNA condenses
(during apoptosis)

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24
Q

karyolysis

A

nuclear fading
chromatin dissolution from nucleases
(during apoptosis)

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25
Q

karyorrhexis

A

nuclear fragmentation
pyknotic nuclear membrane ruptures and fragments
(during apoptosis)

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26
Q

karyokinesis

A

nuclear division

during cell division

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27
Q

effect of c-Myc

A

increases apoptosis
reduces tumor growth
no effect from loss of function mutation of one of its alleles

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28
Q

serum and urine osmolarity in distended bladder (1L H2O intake)

A

serum: 250 mmOsm/L
urine: 100 mOsm/L

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29
Q

baroreflex mechanism

A

baroreceptors are stimulated
medullary constriction center is inhibited
vagal parasympathetic system is excited
net effect of vasodilation and lower heart rate and strength of contraction

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30
Q

estimated fluid volume in interstitial compartment of a 50kg male

A

7.5 L

interstitial fluid = 15% BW

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31
Q

total body water

A

60% BW

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32
Q

ICF volume

A

40% BW

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33
Q

ECF volume

A

20% BW

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34
Q

plasma volume

A

5% BW

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35
Q

ISF volume

A

15% BW

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36
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure needed to prevent movement of water from area of high water concentration to area of low water concentration

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37
Q

counteracting mechanism to decrease in effective circulating volume

A

increase rate of Na+ retention

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38
Q

effect of lower effective circulating blood volume on ADH

A

increased ADH release

renal sodium and fluid retention

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39
Q

effect of stimulation of low pressure stretch receptors

A

increase release of atrial natriuretic peptide (from heart)

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40
Q

primary regulator of sympathetic nervous system

A

rostral ventrolateral medulla

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41
Q

factors increasing salt and water excretion

A

↓ sympathetic response
↓ ADH
↑ ANF

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42
Q

main regulator of sodium excretion

A

aldosterone

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43
Q

impermeant solutes

A

mostly electrolytes (Na, Cl, K)

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44
Q

examples of permeant solutes

A

glycerol, urea

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45
Q

causes anisosmotic volume change

A

alterations in extracellular osmolality

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46
Q

causes isosmotic volume change

A

change in intracellular osmolality

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47
Q

low pressure strectch receptors

A

cardiac atria receptors

cardiopulmonary receptors

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48
Q

effect of stimulation of cardiac atria receptors

A

increased release of ANF
increased neural impulses from hypothalamus to medulla
reduced sympathetic neural discharge to kidney and ADH secretion
increase in salt and water excretion by kidney

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49
Q

provides stimulus for earliest release of ADH

A

increase in plasma (ECF) osmolarity

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50
Q

cause of isosmotic change in cell volume

A

increased ICF osmolarity

can be caused by head trauma, stroke

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51
Q

effect of drinking urine

A

increase in effective circulating (plasma, ECF) volume

dehydration

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52
Q

correction treatment priority for dehydrated survivor

A

intravascular volume

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53
Q

threshold for thirst

A

295 mOsm/L

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54
Q

manifestations of plasma/intravascular volume depletion

A

low BP

rapid pulse

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55
Q

manifestations of interstitial volume depletion

A

poor skin turgor
dry tongue
sunken eyes

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56
Q

manifestations of ICF volume depletion

A

hallucinations

disturbance of function

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57
Q

concentration determining steady state volume of cell

A

extracellular impermeant solutes

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58
Q

mechanism protecting brain from rapid increase in plasma osmolarity

A

electrolyte gain

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59
Q

converts prothrombin to thrombin

A

Factor Xa

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60
Q

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

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61
Q

catalyzes hydrolysis of fibrin

A

plasmin

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62
Q

activated by tissue thromboplastin/factors

A

extrinsic pathway

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63
Q

activates extrinsic pathway

A

tissue thromboplastin/factor

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64
Q

activated by contact with certain surfaces (e.g. collagen)

A

intrinsic pathway

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65
Q

activates intrinsic pathway

A

contact with certain surfaces such as collagen

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66
Q

mechanism of heparin as anticoagulant

A

interferes with final common pathway of coagulation

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67
Q

The immune system exhibits tolerance to both self and non-self molecules. T/F?

A

T

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68
Q

The core function of the immune system is destruction of non-self molecules. T/F?

A

F.

Some non-self molecules such as food and fetus are tolerated.

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69
Q

Most antibodies are normally coded for by unmodified germline DNA sequences. T/F?

A

F.

Most antibodies arise from modification of germline DNA.

70
Q

Both heavy and light chains determine antibody class. T/F?

A

F.

Only the constant region of the heavy chain determines antibody class.

71
Q

Only the heavy chain contributes to antigen binding by antibodies. T/F?

A

F.

Both heavy and light chains contribute to antigen binding by antibodies.

72
Q

IgA normally crosses the placental barrier. T/F?

A

F.

IgG can cross placental barrier, not IgA.

73
Q

IgM normally constitutes the majority of circulating antibodies in plasma? T/F?

A

F.

IgG is most abundant in plasma.

74
Q

IgG normally appears in primary response to first exposure to an antigen. T/F?

A

F.

IgM is responsible for primary response to first exposure.

75
Q

constitutes majority of circulating antibodies in plasma

A

IgG

76
Q

first to appear in primary response to first exposure

A

IgM

77
Q

Ig capable of crossing placenta

A

IgG

78
Q

endotoxin from Gram negative bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

79
Q

main function of lysozymes

A

catalyze hydrolysis of bacterial cell walls

80
Q

cytokines

A

non-antibody molecules regulating immune function via auto/paracrine signals

81
Q

chemokines

A

specialized cytokines

attract leukocytes and promote endothelial adhesion

82
Q

phagocytes

A

neutrophils
macrophages
monocytes

83
Q

hallmark of inflammation

A

increased vascular permeability

84
Q

Activation of complement pathways contibutes to opsonization. T/F?

A

T

85
Q

Class I MHC location

A

most nucleated cells

86
Q

Class I MHC role

A

present fragments of endogenous protein antigens (from APC)

enable recognition of antigens by cytotoxic T cells

87
Q

coreceptor on cytotoxic T cells for antigen recognition

A

CD8

88
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

destroy targets by inducing apoptosis

coordinate adaptive immune responses

89
Q

immunization requiring actual antigen exposure

A

active immunization

90
Q

principle underlying most vaccination schemes

A

active immunization

91
Q

example of passive immunization

A

maternal antibody transfer

92
Q

Blood-group antigens include MHC proteins. T/F?

A

F

93
Q

MHC antigens include blood-group antigens. T/F?

A

T

94
Q

HLAs are blood-group antigens. T/F?

A

F.

It is an MHC antigen.

95
Q

stimulate cell-mediated killing by cytotoxic T cells and macrophages

A

Th1 cells

96
Q

stimulate antibody production by helping B cells

A

Th2 cells

97
Q

stimulate immune responses against extracellular pathogens

A

Th17

98
Q

mechanism of cyanide poisoning

A

hypoxic cellular damage

blocks cell enzyme action (cytochrome oxidase of mitochondria)

99
Q

effects of cell hypoxia

A

increased production of lactic acid and inorganic phosphates

decreased cell pH

100
Q

consequences of decreased IC ATP cell injury

A 
ER swelling
cellular swelling
loss of microvilli
blebs
clumping of nuclear chromatin
lipid deposition
101
Q

effects of inhibition of Na-K-ATPase pump

A

apoptosis
influx of Na+ and Ca++ (also H2O)
efflux of K+
ER and cellular swelling, loss of microvilli, blebs

102
Q

changes due to ischemia

A

decreased glycogen
decreased oxidative phosphorylation
decreased ATP
increased anaerobic glycolysis

103
Q

Because of interdependent nature of cellular systems, damage to one part may result in secondary injury to other systems. T/F?

A

T

104
Q

Cell injury results from functional and biochemical abnormalities in one or more essential cellular components. T/F?

A

T

105
Q

Biochemical and morphological manifestations of injury are usually seen first before loss of cellular function. T/F?

A

F

loss of cell function -> biochemical manifestations -> morphological manifestations

106
Q

cell’s ability to achieve new steady state compatible with viability in environment

A

adaptation

107
Q

major mechanisms for electrical injury

A 
disruption of cell membranes
alteration of biomolecular conformation
change in RMP
eliciting muscle tetany
converting electrical energy to heat
mechanical injury from direct trauma caused by abnormal contraction-relaxation
108
Q

causes injury from ionizing radiation

A

free radical formation and breaking of chemical bonds

109
Q

mechanism of cell damage from extreme cold

A

formation of crystals that puncture cells

slow metabolic activites to near/total cessation

110
Q

mechanism of cell damage by rheumatic fever

A

inflammatory/immune response injuring cardiac cells

111
Q

example of physiologic atrophy

A

post-menopause uterine atrophy

112
Q

cells commonly affected by hypertrophy

A

non-dividing cells such as cardiac and skeletal muscles

113
Q

effect of hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

increased functioning tissue mass

114
Q

example of metaplasia

A

Barrett’s esophagus

- normaly columnar epithelia is replaced by squamous epithelia

115
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in total number of cells

116
Q

metaplasia

A

reversible change in cell structure due to noxious stimulus

117
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal cell growth with disordered cellular morphology, organization, and function
pathologic

118
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

119
Q

cellular dysplasia

A

always pathologic
precursor to cancer
disordered cell morphology, organization, function
abnormal cell growth

120
Q

secondary organ following bone marrow dysfunction

A

spleen

121
Q

RBC in anemic patient

A

hypochromic

microcytic

122
Q

common blood lines in normal bone marrow

A

erythropoeisis

granulopoeisis

123
Q

ABO blood type with most antibodies in plasma

A

O

124
Q

most accessible site to perform bone marrow biopsy in adult

A

pelvis

125
Q

central executioner for apoptosis

A

caspase

126
Q

role of insulin in homeostasis

A

efferent pathway

127
Q

effect of steroid hormones

A

positive feedback of hypothalamo-pituitary tract axis

increase in LH, FSH, testosterone

128
Q

neurotransmitters derived from tyrosine

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
thyroxin

129
Q

body’s response to low intravascular volume and high serum osmolarity

A

increased ADH

stimulation of sympathetic nervous system

130
Q

indirect acting toxic substance

A

needs to be metabolized by body to produce toxic metabolite

e.g. acetaminophen/paracetamol

131
Q

state in which cell milieu is within narrow range or physiologic parameters and cells is able to maintain normal structure and function

A

homeostasis

132
Q

apoptitic pathway

A

triggers -> modulators -> effectors -> substrates -> DEATH

133
Q

triggers of apoptosis

A 
loss of GF
loss of O2
loss of adhesion
activation/occupation of death receptors
radiation and chemotherapy
134
Q

modulators of apoptosis (7)

A

FADD, TRADD, FLIP
Bcl-2 family and cyt c
p53, Mdm2

135
Q

effectors of apoptosis

A

caspases

136
Q

proteins which degrade other proteins

A

caspases

137
Q

inactive caspase precursors

A

procaspases

138
Q

results in irreversible breakdown of nuclear membrane

A

cleavage of lamin proteins

139
Q

effect of Ras

A

increases tumor growth

reduces apoptosis

140
Q

viruses inhibiting caspases

A

CrmA
baculovirus p35
Ebstein Barr Viruses

141
Q

increased Bcl-2

A

usually means poor prognosis

142
Q

determines chemosensitivity

A

FasL induction with Doxorubicin

143
Q

hallmarks of cancer (12)

A 
self-sufficiency in growth signals
insensitivity to anti-growth signals
tissue invasion and metastasis
limitless replicative potential
sustained angiogenesis
evading apoptosis
oxidative stress
DNA damage
mitotic stress
proteotoxic stress
metabolic stress
evading immune surveillance
144
Q

longest phase in the cell cycle

A

interphase

145
Q

what happens in G1?

A

organelle duplication without DNA replication

146
Q

what happens in S phase?

A

semi-conservative DNA replication

147
Q

protein joining sister chromatids

A

cohesin

148
Q

what happens in G2?

A

formation of mitotic spindle

increase in cellular content

149
Q

what happens in M phase?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

150
Q

stages of mitosis

A

prophase: chromatin -> chromosome
prometaphase: x nuclear membrane, / kinetochores
metaphase: chromosomes in the middle
anaphase: chromosomes to opposite poles
telophase: cytokinesis, chromosome -> chromatin

151
Q

requirements for chromosome transmission

A

only one centromere
functional telomeres
chromosomes fully replicated
chromosomes adequate size

152
Q

drives cell cycle

A

CDK

153
Q

CARD 153! Congrats on reaching this far!

A

I have no more Biochem jokes, but make sure to SMIIILE! =D

Studying is fun! #mantra

154
Q

number of CDK targets in humans

A

292

155
Q

activate CDK

A

cyclin

156
Q

cyclin in G1-S transition

A

cyclin E

cylcin A - more in S phase

157
Q

cyclin in M phase entry

A

cyclin B

158
Q

cyclin binding early to mid-G1

A

cyclin D

159
Q

regulation of CDK

A

cyclin synthesis and destruction
phosphorylation
binding to CKI (inhibitory proteins)

160
Q

controls cyclin destruction

A

ubiquitination

cyclin destruction box

161
Q

mitotic phase with highest cyclin B

A

metaphase

162
Q

mitotic phase with lowest cyclin B

A

telophase

163
Q

DNA damage checkpoints

A

late G1

S phase

164
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

between G2 and M phases

requires complete DNA synthesis

165
Q

spindle assembly checkpoint

A

between metaphase and anaphase

requires complete chromosome-spindle attachment

166
Q

prolonged G1 state

A

G0

167
Q

most frequently mutated CKI in human tumors

A

p16

168
Q

mutant proto-oncogenes

A

oncogenes

169
Q

role of p53

A

tumor suppressor

triggers apoptosis of damaged cells

170
Q

What did the french biochemist do with his twins?

A

He baptised one and saved the other for a control.

@@ Kaloka.
Done with this batch. Good luck sa’tin! =D

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