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FA - Hematology and Oncology > Hem & Onc - Anatomy > Flashcards

Hem & Onc - Anatomy Flashcards

Pg. 374-376 in First Aid 2014 or Pg. 344 - 347 in First Aid 2013 Sections include: -Erythrocyte -Platelet (thrombocyte) -Leukocyte -Neutrophil -Monocyte -Macrophage -Eosinophil -Basophil -Mast cell -Dendritic cell -Lymphocyte -B lymphocyte -T lymphocyte -Plasma cell

1
Q

Describe erythrocyte (based on the meaning of the word itself). What is the function of erythrocytes? What are their defining characteristics/properties, and how does this effect their function?

A

Eryth = red, cyte = cell; Carries O2 to tissues and CO2 to lungs; Anucleate and biconcave, with large surface area-to-volume ratio for RAPID GAS EXCHANGE

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2
Q

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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3
Q

What is the source of energy of an erythrocyte, how is this energy used, and in what percentages?

A

Source of energy: Glucose (90% used in glycolysis, 10 % used in HMP shunt)

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4
Q

What important transporter does the erythrocyte membrane contain, and what is its function?

A

Chloride-HCO3- antiporter: allows RBCs to sequester HCO3- and transport CO2 from the periphery to the lungs for elimination

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5
Q

Define the following terms: (1) Erythrocytosis (2) Anisocytosis (3) Poikilocytosis

A

(1) Polycythemia, Increased hematocrit (2) Varying sizes (3) Varying shapes

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6
Q

What is a reticulocyte, and of what is it a marker?

A

Immature erythrocyte; Erythroid proliferation

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7
Q

In what process are platelets (thrombocytes) involved? From where are they derived? What is their life span?

A

Primary hemostasis; Small cytoplasmic fragment derived from megakaryocytes; 8-10 days

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8
Q

What activates platelets? What happens upon activation?

A

Endothelial injury; Platelets aggregate with other platelets & interact with fibrin to form platelet plug

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9
Q

What kinds of granules do platelets have, and what key things does each kind of granule contain?

A 
DENSE GRANULES (ADP, Calcium)
ALPHA GRANULES (vWF, fibrinogen)
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10
Q

What organ is known for storing platelets? How much of the platelet pool is stored there?

A

Spleen; 1/3

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11
Q

What physical exam finding results from thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction?

A

Petechiae

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12
Q

What is the vWF receptor on platelets? What is the Fibrinogen receptor on platelets?

A

GpIb; GpIIb/IIIa

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13
Q

What are the 2 major categories of leukocytes, and what cells fall under each category?

A

GRANULOCYTES (Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil) & MONONUCLEAR CELLS (Monocytes, lymphocytes)

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14
Q

Describe leukocyte (based on the meaning of the word itself). For what are leukocytes responsible?

A

Leuk = white, cyte = cell; Responsible for defense against infections

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15
Q

How many leukocytes are normally found in the blood?

A

4,000-10,000 cells/mm^3

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16
Q

Give the WBC differential from highest to lowest (per USMLE).

A 
Neutrophils (54-62%)
Lymphocytes (25-33%)
Monocytes (3-7%)
Eosinophils (1-3%)
Basophils (0-0.75%)
Think: "Neutrophils Like Making Everything Better"
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17
Q

For what kind of response are neutrophils responsible? In what kind of infections are neutrophils increased? What is neutrophils’ main characteristic/function?

A

Acute inflammatory response; Increased in bacterial infections; Phagocytic

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18
Q

What is the most significant morphological/histological characteristic for identifying neutrophils?

A

Multilobed nucleus

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19
Q

What kinds of granules do neutrophils contain? What is found in each of these kinds of granules?

A

SMALL, MORE NUMEROUS SPECIFIC GRANULES - contain alkaline phosphatase, collagenase, lysozyme, & lactoferrin

LARGER, LESS NUMEROUS AZUROPHILIC GRANULES (lysosomes) - contain proteinases, acid phosphatase, peroxidase, and Beta-glucoronidase

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20
Q

What is a neutrophil finding relevant to vitamin B12/folate deficiency?

A

Hypersegmented polys (5 or more lobes of nucleus)

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21
Q

What are band cells? In general, what do increased number of them reflect? Give 2 examples of conditions in which this is seen.

A

Immature neutrophils; Increased myeloid proliferation (bacterial infections, CML)

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22
Q

Describe monocyte (based on the meaning of the word itself). Where are they found? Into what do monocytes differentiate, and where?

A

Mono = one (nucleus), cyte = cell; In the blood; Differentiates into macrophages in tissues

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23
Q

What are the significant morphological/histological characteristics of monocytes?

A

Large, kidney shaped nucleus; Extensive “frosted glass” cytoplasm

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24
Q

Describe macrophage (based on the meaning of the word itself). From where do they differentiate? Where are macrophages found, and what is there life span like?

A

Macro = large, phage = eater; From circulating blood monocytes; Long life in tissues

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25
Q

What major role(s) do macrophages play?

A

(1) Phagocytose bacteria, cell debris, and senescent RBCs (2) Scavenge damaged cells & tissues (3) Can function as antigen-presenting cell (via MHC II)

26
Q

What activates macrophages?

A

gamma-Interferon

27
Q

What is a key cell surface marker for macrophages?

A

CD14

28
Q

Describe eosinophil (based on the meaning of the word itself). What are defining morphological/histological characteristics of the eosinophil?

A

Eosin = a (pink) dye, philic = loving; Bilobate nucleus; Packed with large eosinophlic granules of uniform size.

29
Q

What major role(s) do eosinophils play?

A

(1) Defend against helminthic infections (using major basic protein) (2) Highly phagocytic for antigen-antibody complexes

30
Q

What 3 products does eosinophil produce, and what effect(s) does each have?

A

(1) Major basic protein - defend against helminth infections (2) Histaminase (3) Arylsulfatase [(2) and (3) help limit reaction following mast cell degranulation]

31
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering the causes of eosinophila? What are they?

A

NAACP = Neoplastic, Asthma, Allergic processes, Collagen vascular diseases, Parasities (invasive) (Note: Firecracker has better mnemonic = CCHINA)

32
Q

What is the defining morphological/histological characteristic of basophils?

A

Densely basophilic granules; Think: “BASophil = BASophilic = staining readily with BASic stains”

33
Q

What major function do basophils have?

A

Mediate allergic reaction

34
Q

What kinds of granules are found in basophils? What do they contain?

A

Densely basophilic granules contain: (1) Heparin (anticoagulant) (2) Histamine (vasodilator) (3) Leukotrienes

35
Q

What general function do mast cells have, and where? More specifically, by what mechanism do mast cells function?

A

Mediates allergic reaction in local tissues; Can bind Fc portion of IgE to membrane, IgE cross-links upon antigen-binding, causing degranulation (of mast cell granules)

36
Q

What major things are found in mast cell granules?

A

Histamine, Heparin, Eosinophil chemotactic factors

37
Q

Which other immune cell do mast cells resemble, and how so?

A

Mast cells resemble basophils structurally and functionally but are not the same cell type

38
Q

In what kinds of hypersensitivity reactions are mast cells involved?

A

Type I

39
Q

What prevents mast cell degranulation, and in what settings is it used?

A

Cromolyn sodium; Asthma prophylaxis

40
Q

What major roles do dendritic cells play?

A

(1) Highly phagocytic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (2) Function as link between innate & adaptive immune system

41
Q

What receptor(s) do dendritic cells express on their surface?

A

(1) MHC Class II (2) Fc receptor

42
Q

What are dendritic cells called in the skin?

A

Langerhans cells

43
Q

What are the divisions of lymphocytes?

A

Divided into B cells, T cells, and NK cells

44
Q

What are the defining morphological/histological characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

Round, densely staining nucleus with small amount of pale cytoplasm

45
Q

What are the overall roles of the different types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells and T cells mediate adaptive immunity. NK cells are part of the innate immune response.

46
Q

What major role(s) do B lymphocytes play?

A

(1) Part of humoral immune response (2) Can function as an APC via MHC II

47
Q

From where do B lymphocytes arise, and where do they mature? To where do they migrate?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow; Bone marrow (Think: B = Bone Marrow); Migrates to peripheral lymphoid tissue (follicles of lymph nodes, white pulp of spleen, unencapsulated lymphoid tissue)

48
Q

What happens to B cells once they encounter antigens?

A

Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies & memory cells

49
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

Produces large amounts of antibody specific to a particular antigen

50
Q

What are the defining morphological/histological characteristics of plasma cells?

A

Eccentric (off-center) nucleus, clock-face chromatin distribution, abundant RER, & well-developed Chromatin apparatus

51
Q

What is a classic example of plasma cell cancer?

A

Multiple myeloma

52
Q

What major role do T lymphocytes play?

A

Mediate cellular immune responses

53
Q

From where do T lymphocytes originate, and where do they mature?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow; Thymus (Think: T = Thymus)

54
Q

Into what types of cells can T lymphocytes differentiate?

A

(1) Cytotoxic T cells (2) Helper T cells (3) Regulatory T cells

55
Q

What kinds of cell surface markers do cytotoxic and helper T cells express? What kind of MHC does each recognize?

A

Cytotoxic T cells: express CD8, recognize MHC I; Helper T cells: express CD4, recognize MHC II (Think: MHC x CD = 8)

56
Q

What does CD stand for?

A

Cluster of differentiation

57
Q

What is necessary for T cell activation?

A

CD28 (costimulatory signal)

58
Q

What percentage of circulating lymphocytes are T cells?

A

80%

59
Q

What kind of (hematological) cell is an important component of granuloma formation? Give 2 examples of diseases/conditions associated with granuloma formation.

A

Macrophages; Important component of granuloma formation (e.g., TB, sarcoidosis)

60
Q

In general, how common is isolated basophilia? For what kind of disease can it be a sign? Give a specific example of this kind of disease that is particularly associated with basophilia.

A

Isolated basophilia is uncommon but can be a sign of myeloproliferative disease, particularly CML

61
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

FA - Hematology and Oncology (17 decks)

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