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CALE STUDY > Biomed > Flashcards

Biomed Flashcards

1
Q

Patient reports an irresistable urge to move legs particularly at night. Also presents with sleep deprivation, fatigue, leg cramps, uncomfortable tingling, and burning sensation. This is most likely:

A

Restless Leg Syndrome

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2
Q

What mineral deficiency is commonly associated with Restless Leg Syndrome?

A

Iron Deficiency

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3
Q

Levodopa/ Carbidopa treats both Restless Leg Syndrome and what other disorder?

A

Parkinson’s

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4
Q

It is recommended to start getting Pap Smears at what age?

A

21

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5
Q

Bakody’s sign indicates _ at which vertebrae?

A

Cervical Radiculopathy

C4-C6

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6
Q

What is the procedure of the Bakody’s sign and what indicates that it is positive?

A

Patient abducts the arm and places on top of the head

Positive if patient experiences relief or decrease of the patient’s symptoms

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7
Q

What is the difference between radiculopathy and neuropathy?

A

Radiculopathy: “A pinched nerve.” A disease at the root of the nerve (AKA ‘A Fuse Box Problem’)

Neuropathy: “Peripheral nerve branch” issue leading to weakness, numbness, and pain from nerve damage usually distally (in hands or feet) (AKA ‘Problem with the outlet’)

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8
Q

Which vitamins are antioxidants?

A

Vitamins
A, C, E

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9
Q

Blood HbA1c are reflective of how well _ is controlled

A

Diabetes

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10
Q

How often should Blood HbA1c be tested?

A

Every 3 months

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11
Q

Healthy Blood HbA1c value is?

A

5.6 or below

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12
Q

An HbA1c value of _ indicates Diabetes

A

6.5 or higher

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13
Q

Name the five most common SSRIs

A

Escitalopram - Lexapro
Fluoxotine - Prozac
Sertraline - Zoloft
Paroxetine - Paxil
Citalopram - Celexa

EFFECTIVE - Escitalopram
FOR - Fluoxotine
SADNESS - Sertraline
PANIC - Paroxetine
COMPULSIONS - Citalopram

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14
Q

What are three adverse effects that accompany SSRIs?

A

Stomach Upset
Sexual Dysfunction
Serotonin Syndrome

“S-S-S”

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15
Q

What is the Triad (of Symptoms) of Serotonin Syndrome

A
  1. Mental Changes - delirium, agitation
  2. Autonomic Instability - BP/HR, tachycardia, diaphoresis, diarrhea
  3. Neuromuscular Abnormality - Seizures, Myoclonus, Hyperreflexia
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16
Q

What herbs/supplements should be avoided when taking SSRIs to prevent Serotonin Syndrome?

A

5-HTP
St. John’s Wort
SAMe
Tryptophan

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17
Q

What is the standard of care for serotonin syndrome?

A
  1. Stop offending medications/ herbs/ supplements
  2. IV Fluids
  3. Cyproheptadine to lower serotonin production
  4. Benzodiazepines to lower muscle rigidity
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18
Q

What foods should you avoid when taking MAOIs?

A

Tyramine-rich foods like pickled foods, cheese, wine

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19
Q

What condition may occur if a patient is taking MAOIs concurrently with TCAs -OR- if a patient is taking MAOIs and has a lot of tyramine-rich foods in their diet?

A

MAOI-induced Hypertensive Crisis

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20
Q

What hormone is tested to diagnose pregnancy?

A

beta-hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

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21
Q

What confirms an intrauterine pregnancy?

A

Ultrasound

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22
Q

A woman over the age of 50 reports right-sided headache with scalp pain, pain in the jaw, decreased visual acuity in the right eye, gentle pressure on the temple causes pain. What is the likely diagnoses?

A

Giant Cell Arteritis
AKA
Temporal Arteritis

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23
Q

A woman over 50 reports right-sided facial pain. The pain comes suddenly and is “electric shock-like.” Simple actions such as combing or washing her hair may also cause episodes, what is the likely diagnosis?

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia

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24
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia is due to compression or inflammation of the _ , whereas Giant Cell Arteritis is inflammation of the _

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia - Trigeminal Nerve

Giant Cell Arteritis - Temporal Artery

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25
Q

Standard of Care for Giant Cell Arteritis

A

High dose prednisone to prevent blindness

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26
Q

Standard of Care for Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, or Gabapentin

Failure of drugs to induce remission may be an indication that surgical intervention is required to relieve compression of the trigeminal nerve

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27
Q

Define cachexia

A

Wasting of the body d/t significant chronic disease such as cancer, AIDS, celiac, COPD, RA, multiple sclerosis, CHF, TB, Crohn’s disease, untreated/ severe DM-1, hormonal deficiency

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28
Q

Severe deficiency of Vitamin B3/ Niacin is called

A

Pellagra

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29
Q

Pellagra is characterized by what main symptoms?

A

Dermatitis
Dementia
Diarrhea

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30
Q

High doses of niacin may lead to

A

Niacin Flush

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31
Q

A positive Mulder’s sign is associated with which condition?

A

Morton’s Neuroma

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32
Q

Morton’s Neuroma is typically found between the _ & _ metatarsals

A

3rd and 4th

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33
Q

What does CAGE screening help to identify?

A

Potential alcoholism

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34
Q

What does CAGE stand for?

A
  1. Have you ever felt you should CUT down on your drinking?
  2. Have people ANNOYED you by criticizing your drinking?
  3. Have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking?
  4. Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning? EYE-OPENER question
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35
Q

What is the most severe form of alcohol withdrawal?

A

Delirium Tremens

36
Q

What vitamin deficiency is associated with alcoholism?

A

Vitamin B1 - Thiamine

37
Q

Thiamine deficiency + alcoholism may lead to this syndrome

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

38
Q

Vitamin C aids the absorption of

A

Non-heme iron

39
Q

Condition that arises from Vitamin C deficiency is

A

Scurvy

40
Q

Nitrates cannot be mixed with which class of pharmaceuticals?

A

PDE5 Inhibitors (Sildenafil - Viagra, Tadalafil - Cialis)

Leads to severe hypotension bc they’re both vasodilators

41
Q

The C5 dermatome is where?

A

Bicep

42
Q

C6 dermatome is where?

A

Thumb and Index fingers

43
Q

C7 dermatome is where?

A

Middle and Ring Finger

44
Q

C8 Dermatome is where?

A

Little finger

45
Q

T4 dermatome is in the horizontal area level with the

A

Nipple

46
Q

The T10 dermatome is in the horizontal area level with the

A

Umbilicus

47
Q

The L5 dermatome is on the blank aspect of the foot

A

Dorsal

48
Q

The S1 dermatome is on the (MEDIAL/LATERAL) (SUPERIOR/INFERIOR) aspect of the foot

A

Lateral/ Inferior

49
Q

S2 - S4 Dermatomes are where?

A

Perineum

50
Q

What Vitamins are Water-Soluble?

A

Vitamins B, C

51
Q

What vitamins are Fat-Soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

52
Q

What vitamin helps to clot blood and is deficient in newborns until they begin eating solid foods?

A

Vitamin K

53
Q

What foods contains substantial Vitamin K?

A

Green Leafy Vegetables

54
Q

Vitamin K lowers the effectiveness of which pharmaceutical?

A

Warfarin

55
Q

DVT, Pulmonary Embolism, Atrial Fibrillation, Artificial Heart Valve are all indications for which class of medications?

A

Anti-coagulants

56
Q

What is the effective Therapeutic INR Range for people taking Warfarin?

A

2.0-3.0

57
Q

Dang Gui, Dan Shen, and Chuan Xiong can all (INCREASE/DECREASE) the effects of Warfarin

A

Increase

58
Q

In the context of Anti-thrombotics:
* Anticoagulants _ of thrombus
* Antiplatelets _ of thrombus
* Thrombolytics _ formed thrombus

A
  • Block growth/ prevent clots by interfering with blood-clotting proteins
  • Block formation/ thin blood by preventing platelets from sticking together
  • Dissolve/ “clot-buster”
59
Q

The majority of strokes/ cerebrovascular accidents are (ISCHEMIC/HEMORRHAGIC)?

A

Ischemic

80% - ischemic - blood supply to brain interrupted, preventing brain tissue fr. getting O2 and nutrients
20% - hemorrhagic - ruptured vessel causes brain bleeding

60
Q

Why isn’t HRT the recommended first-line treatment for menopause symptoms?

A

HRT increases incidence of breast cancer

61
Q

A barium swallow aids the X-Ray examination of which areas of the GI?

A

Upper GI - Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum (first part of small intestine)

62
Q

A barium enema aids the X-Ray examination of which areas of the GI?

A

Lower GI - colon/ large intestine

63
Q

This condition presents with abdominal pain, usually in the midepigastric region, that radiates to the back, and may be relieved when sitting forward. 70%-80% of cases are from a Hx of Gallstones or Alcohol Consumption

A

Acute Pancreatitis

64
Q

What is one way to differentiate between cholecystitis (GB inflammation) and acute pancreatitis?

A

Cholecystitis pn ~ in the RUQ and radiates upward to shoulder

Acute Pancreatitis = midepigastric area and radiates to the back

65
Q

Acute pancreatitis will show and elevated values in these two enzymes

A

Lipase
Amylase

66
Q

An elevated value in this hormone may signify menopause

A

FSH

67
Q

Yellowish crusts on the face, arms, legs with well-localized vesicles and honey-colored scabs found on the lesions are a classic presentation of what contagious skin disorder?

A

Impetigo

68
Q

Standard of care for impetigo is?

A

Topical Mupirocin Ointment

69
Q

An individual with a medical hx of diabetes and IV drug use presents with red, hot, swollen, tender skin. They have fever and chills. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Cellulitis - need penicillin and/or antibiotics

70
Q

A person presents with raised, well-defined, tender, bright red rash on the face. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Erysipelas

71
Q

Celiac disease is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects which part of the GI?

A

Small intestine

72
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and B9 (folate) deficiency is associated with what kind of anemia?

A

Megaloblastic (a type of macrocytic anemia)

B12 deficiency alone = pernicious anemia

73
Q

Aldosterone and Corticosteroid are produced and secreted from which endocrine gland?

A

Adrenals

Aldosterone: Regulates salt, water balance, and blood pressure

Corticosteroid: Controls key functions in the body; acts as an anti-inflammatory; maintains blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and muscle strength; regulates salt and water balance

74
Q

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone/ Vasopressin), ACTH ( Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), Growth Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Oxytocin, Prolactin, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) are produced and secreted from which endocrine gland

A

Pituitary Gland

ADH - Affects water retention in kidneys; controls blood pressure
ACTH - Controls production of sex hormones (estrogen in women and testosterone in men) and the production of eggs in women and sperm in men.
GH - Affects growth and development; stimulates protein production; affects fat distribution
LH/ FSH - Controls production of sex hormones (estrogen in women and testosterone in men) and the production of eggs in women and sperm in men
Oxytocin - aids in labor, delivery, “the cuddle hormone,” stimulates contraction of uterus and milk ducts in breastfeeding
Prolactin - Initiates and maintains milk production in breasts; impacts sex hormone levels
TSH - Stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones

75
Q

Renin, angiotensin, and erythropoietin are produced and secreted from which endocrine organ

A

Kidneys

Renin/ Angiotensin - Controls blood pressure, both directly and also by regulating aldosterone production from the adrenal glands
Erythropoietin - Affects red blood cell (RBC) production

76
Q

Glucagon and Insulin are produced and secreted from which endocrine gland/ organ?

A

Pancreas

Glucagon - Raises blood sugar levels
Insulin - Lowers blood sugar levels; stimulates metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat

77
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone are produced in and excreted by which female gonads?

A

Ovaries

Estrogen - Affects development of female sexual characteristics and reproductive development, important for functioning of uterus and breasts; also protects bone health

Progesterone - Stimulates the lining of the uterus for fertilization; prepares the breasts for milk production

78
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), the most important regulator of blood calcium levels is produced in/ secreted by which endocrine gland?

A

Parathyroid gland

79
Q

Thyroid Hormone, which controls metabolism; also affects growth, maturation, nervous system activity, is produced in/ secreted by which endocrine gland?

A

Thyroid

80
Q

Epinephrine (Increases heart rate, oxygen intake, and blood flow) and Norepinephrine (Maintains blood pressure) are produced in and secreted from which endocrine gland?

A

Adrenals

81
Q

Testosterone is produced from which male gonads?

A

Testicles

82
Q

In AFABs, testosterone is produced where and what is its function in an AFAB?

A

Ovaries, Adrenal glands, Fat Cells, Skin Cells

Bone health, breast health, fertility, sex drive, menstrual health, vaginal health; converting testosterone and other androgens into female sex hormones

83
Q

In AMABs, estrogen and progesterone are produced where and what are some of the functions in an AMAB?

A

Testes, Adrenal glands

Men need progesterone to produce testosterone

Estradiol (predominant form of estrogen) essential for modulating libido, erectile dysfxn, spermatogenesis

84
Q

Melatonin (released during night hours to help with sleep) is produced in and released from which endocrine gland?

A

Pineal gland

85
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) are all produced in and excreted by which gland in the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

GHRH - Regulates growth hormone release in the pituitary gland

TRH - Regulates thyroid stimulating hormone release in the pituitary gland

GnRH - Regulates LH/FSH production in the pituitary gland

CRH - Regulates adrenocorticotropin release in the pituitary gland

86
Q

Humoral factors are hormones related to immune function and secreted by which endocrine gland?

A

Thymus

CALE STUDY (20 decks)

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