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Medicine Unit 8 > Histology of glands > Flashcards

Histology of glands Flashcards

1
Q

what are glands formed from

A

epithelial tissue

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2
Q

subdivisions of glands

A

endocrine
exocrine

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3
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones directly into the blood stream
thyroid gland

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4
Q

exocrine glands

A

release their substances either directly onto an epithelial surface e.g. goblet cell in the gut
OR via a system of ducts e.g. major salivary glands

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5
Q

how do glands develop

A

from a lining or covering epithelium by invagination into the underlying connective tissue

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6
Q

location of thyroid gland

A

anterior neck with right and left lobes
connected to an isthmus

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7
Q

cell arrangement thyroid glands

A

arranged into spherical structures called follicles
thyroid hormones are stored here
each follicle is lines with single layer of follicular cells which are cuboidal epithelium and surrounded by reticular fibers
vascular capillary netwrok surrounds the follicles for entrance of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream

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8
Q

follicles in thyroid gland

A

structural and function units of the gland
in active follicles the epithelium is cuboidal
less active follies the epithelialcellr appear flattened
all follicles are fixed with colloid

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9
Q

what divides the thyoird gland into lobules

A

connective tissue septa from the capsule of the thyroid gland
they extend into the glands interior and divide the gland

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10
Q

what is found between individual follicles in the thyroid gland

A

small amount of inter follicular connective tissue

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11
Q

what is in the image

A

thyroid gland

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12
Q

colloid in thyroid

A

is composed of thyroglobulin
it is inactive iodinated glycoprotein compound for storage of thyroid hormones
stain pink
by itself doesnt have any hormonal activity

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13
Q

parafollicular cells/ C cells in thyroid

A

pale staining
found peripherally in basal lamina of follicular epithelium or as clusters between follicular cells
secrete calcitonin

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14
Q

calcitonin function

A

inhibit bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity
lowers blood calcium levels

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15
Q

when necessary what do follicular cells do to stored thyroglobulin in thyroid

A

can take up the stored substance
transport it across the epithelium
release thyroid hormones into capillaries surrounding the follicle

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16
Q

what does thyroglobulin contain

A

modified tyrosine amino acids that constitute the thyroid hormones:
thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine,T4) and triiodothyronine T3

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17
Q

label the image

A
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18
Q

principal cells in thyroid

A

line the follicles
simple cuboidal epithelium

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19
Q

what is the pituitary gland controlled by

A

the hypothalamus of the brain
regulatory hormones are transported to the pituitary gland

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20
Q

embryonic origins of the pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis

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21
Q

clinical divisions of the pituitary gland

A

anterior lobe
posterior lobe

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22
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A
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23
Q

what does the adenohypophysis contain

A

pars distils
pars tubercles

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24
Q

what does the neurohypophysis contain

A

pars intermedia pars nervosa
infundibulum/ pituitary stalk

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25
Q

where is the neurohypophysis derived from

A

down growth of nervous tissue from hypothalamus
it remains joined by the pituitary stalk

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26
Q

what is contained within the posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis

A

hypothalamohyphophyseal tract
consisting of axons from neurons whose cell bodies are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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27
Q

where does the anterior pituitary arise from

A

arises as an epithelial/ectodermal upgrowth from the roof of the primitive oral cavity known as Rathkes pouch

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28
Q

describe internal structure of Aden-hypophysis

A

may contain a cleft or group of cyst like spaces which represent the vestigial lumen of rattles pouch
dividing the major part of anterior pituitary form Thun zone of tissue against posterior pituitary known as pars intermedia

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29
Q

pars intermedia location

A

within the Aden-hypophysis but classified as posterior pituitary

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30
Q

pars distils

A

95%
forms anterior wall of rattles pouch

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31
Q

pars intermedia

A

forms posterior wall of rathkes pouch with pars nervosa of neurohypophysis

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32
Q

pars tuberalis

A

forms collar of cells around the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis

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33
Q

hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

A

antididiuretic hormone (aka vasopressin) and oxytocin
synthesises in the neurone cell bodies of supraoptic nucleus

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34
Q

what do ADH hormones act on

A

act directly on non-endocrine tissues

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35
Q

where is ADH specifically made

A

synthesises in the neurone cell bodies of supraoptic nucleus

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36
Q

where is oxytocin specifically made

A

paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

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37
Q

how do ADH and oxytocin get to posterior pituitary

A

bound to glycoproteins
they pass down the axons of the hypothalamopituitary tract
through the pituitary stalk
to posterior pituitary where they are stored in distended terminal parts of axons

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38
Q

release of posterior pituitary hormones

A

controlled directly by nervous impulses passing down the axons from the hypothalamus
called neurosecretion

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39
Q

neurohypophysis

A

hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei consist of vasopressin and oxytocin synthesising hormones
send projections here

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40
Q

where in brain does the pituitary gland sit

A

in body depression in the sphenoid bone
called sella turcica

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41
Q

label the image

A

PP posterior pituitary
AP anterior pituitary
H hypothalamus
P pituitary stalk
V third ventricle
O optic chiasma

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42
Q

pars tuberalis

A

surrounds the infundibulum

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43
Q

infundibulum

A

connects hypothesis with hypothalamus at base of the brain

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44
Q

cell types within the pars distils

A

chromophobe cells, don’t take H&E
chromophil cells

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45
Q

chromophil cells

A

subdivided into acidophils (alpha cells)
and basophils (beta cells)

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46
Q

pars nervosa

A

consists primarily of unmyelinated axons and supporting pituicytes

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47
Q

what surrounds pars distils and pars nervosa

A

connective tissue capsule

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48
Q

what supplies the pars distils and pars nervosa

A

blood vessels and capillaries

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49
Q

label the image

A
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50
Q

what are all of the specific cell types in pituitary

A

somatotrope
mammotrope
thyrotrope
gondadotrope
andrenocorticotrope

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51
Q

cell types in pars distalis

A

somatotrope
mammotrope
thyrotrope
gondadotrope
andrenocorticotrope

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52
Q

pars tuberalis cell types

A

gonadotropes only

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53
Q

pars intermedia cell types

A

contain basophils
but secretions in humans are unclear
although ACTH secretion is possible

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54
Q

acidophils

A

hormone containing granulesin cytoplasm
stain with acidic dies e.g. eosiin

55
Q

basophils

A

hormone containing granules in cytoplasm
stain with basic dyes e.g. hematoxylin

56
Q

somatotrope

A

acidophil
secretes GH

57
Q

mammotrope

A

acidophil
secretes prolactin

58
Q

thyrotrope

A

basophil
secretes TSH

59
Q

gonadotrope

A

basophil
secretes FSH/LH

60
Q

adrenocorticotrope

A

basophil
secretes ACTH

61
Q

where are oxytocin and vasopressin stored

A

in herring bodies in pars nervosa

62
Q

pituicytes

A

glial cells of posterior pituitary
assits in storage and release of neurohypophysial hormones

63
Q

what is in the image

A

herring bodies

64
Q

location of adrenal gland

A

superior pole of each kidney
surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue capsule and embedded in adipose tissue around kidneys

65
Q

contents of secretory portion of adrenal gland

A

outer cortex and inner medullar
aka
mesoderm and neural crest
linked buy common blood supply but have distinct origins structures and functions

66
Q

cells in Cortex brief adrenal

A

steroid secreting

67
Q

cells in medulla of adrenal

A

chromaffin

68
Q

subdivisions of the adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

69
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

located immediately beneath capsule
cells arranged in round clusters
secretes mineralocorticoids, aldosterone

70
Q

zona fasciculata

A

middle layer, largest cortical zone
cells arranged in rows, perpendicular to capsule alternating with wide diameter, fenestrated capillaries
secretes glucocorticoids and androgens

71
Q

zona reticularis

A

forms deepest layer of the cortex
cells arranged as anastomosing cords
same secretions as zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids and androgens

72
Q

what is the secretion of glucocorticoids controlled by in the adrenal gland

A

ACTH
released from Aden-hypophysis

73
Q

chromaffin cells

A

synthesise and release epinephrine and norepinephrine

74
Q

image of the adrenal gland

A
75
Q

label the image of the adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

ZF is middle zone and composed of pale staining cells rich in lipid droplets

76
Q

pancreas location

A

in the curve of duodenum
divided into head body and tail

77
Q

type of gland is the pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine

78
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

produces alkaline secretion containing digestive enzymes
empties into the duodenum

79
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

secretes insulin, glucagon and somatostatin
regulate blood glucose levels

80
Q

pancreas connective tissue

A

thin capsule
septa extend from
covers larger vessels and ducts
separates parenchyma into lobules

81
Q

islets of langerhans

A

clumped masses of pale staining endocrine cells
embedded in exocrine acinar tissue of pancreas

82
Q

predominant cell types in endocrine pancreas

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells

83
Q

alpha cells pancreas

A

secretes glucagon
elevates glucose levels in the blood
converts glycogen to glucose
located peripherally

84
Q

beta cells pancreas

A

secretes insulin
lowers blood glucose levels
converts glucose to glycogen
most numeras and central

85
Q

delta cell

A

secretes somatostatin
inhibits Hal secretion from parietal cells
scattered and less abundant

86
Q

what is in the image

A

I= islets of langerhans
C= fibrocollagenous capsule

87
Q

exocrine pancreas detail

A

compound acinar gland
acinar cells secrete numerous digestive enzymes that break down proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
ducts begin as centroacinar cells located in acini
intercalated ducts and interlobular ducts

88
Q

intercalated ducts

A

lined with low simple squamous epithelium that secrete HCO3

89
Q

interlobular ducts

A

lead into one or more excretory ducts
empty into the duodenum

90
Q

relevance of HCO3 secretion

A

to neutralises acidity of chyme entering duodenum

91
Q

what is each acinus drained by

A

short intercalated duct of simple squamous or low cuboidal epithelium
initial cells of these small ducts extend into the lumen of acinus as small pale staining centroacinar cells unique to pancreas

92
Q

exocrine pancreas image

A

intercalated ducts merge with interlobular and larger interlobular
before joining main pancreatic duct

93
Q

cortex summary

A
94
Q

medulla summary

A
95
Q

pancreas summary

A
96
Q

thyroid gland summary

A
97
Q

parathyroid gland summary

A
98
Q

exocrine glands and ducts

A

secretory products released onto and external or internal epithelial surface
either directly via a duct or a duct system
classified into unicellular such as goblet cell or multicellular glands

99
Q

multicellular glands classification

A

based on presence of tubule and acini presence
configuration of the duct if it is simple or compound

100
Q

examples of simple glands

A

simple tubular
simple coiled
simple branched tubular
simple alveolar (acinar)
simple branched alveolar

101
Q

examples of compound glands

A

compound tubular
compound alveolar (acinar)
compound tubuloalveolar

102
Q

simple tubular

A

no duct

103
Q

simple coiled tubular

A
104
Q

simple branched tubular

A
105
Q

simple alveolar

A
106
Q

simple branched alveolar

A
107
Q

compound tubular

A
108
Q

compound alveolar

A
109
Q

compound tubuloalveolar

A
110
Q

different types of cell secretions

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

111
Q

merocrine

A

Secretory product is released by exocytosis of contents contained within membrane-bound vesicles. E.g., pancreatic and parotid gland secretions.

112
Q

apocrine

A

Secretory material is released in an intact vesicle along with some cytoplasm from the apical region of the cell. E.g., mammary gland secretions.

113
Q

holocrine

A

Entire cell is released during the secretory process. E.g., sebaceous glands.

114
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

115
Q

duct system

A
116
Q

serous acinus

A

basally located round nucleus

117
Q

mucous acinus

A

basally located flat nucleus

118
Q

serous demilune

A

half moon shaped serous cells at distal end of mucous secretory unit of mixed salivary glands (submandibular or sublingual)

119
Q

my-epithelial cells

A

cells that contract to release secretion from acini to duct

120
Q

parotid duct system

A

serous only

121
Q

type of duct system submandibular and sublingual

A

mixed glands with serous demilunes
as processes of my-epithelial cells contract they compress acinus and facilitate release of secretary product into gland duct

122
Q

pattern of the duct system

A

secretary
intercalated
striated
interlobular
lobar
main duct

123
Q

lining of intercalated ducts

A

simple squamous to cuboidal

124
Q

lining of striated ducts

A

simple cuboidal to columnar

125
Q

lining of interlobular ducts

A

formed by anastomosis of striated ducts and have epithelia from simple columnar to stratified columnar

126
Q

excretory duct lining

A

stratified epithelium
becomes stratified squamous prior to junction with epithelium of oral cavity

127
Q

parotid gland

A
128
Q

what is in the image

A

parotid gland
T= septa
Ac= acini
SD= striated ducts

129
Q

secretion from parotid gland

A

Serous in nature. Thin, watery, protein secretion. Nucleus is round and basally located.

130
Q

submandibular gland

A
131
Q

secretion from submandibular gland

A

The submandibular salivary gland secretes a mixed serous/mucous product. Mucus. Thick, viscous, glycoprotein secretion. Nucleus is flattened and located in the base of the cell.

132
Q

submandibular ducts

A
133
Q

what is in the image

A
134
Q

label the image

A

SAc – Serous acini
SeD – Serous demilunes
MA – mucous tubules
SD – Striated duct

Medicine Unit 8 (24 decks)

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