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Histology > Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Muscular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane of a muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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2
Q

Cytoplasm of cell membrane

A

Sarcoplasm

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3
Q

To forcefully shorten

A

Contractility

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4
Q

Response to stimuli

A

Excitability

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5
Q

To stretch or to extend

A

Extensibility

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6
Q

To return to its normal length after stretch

A

Elasticity

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7
Q

It is a rod like long contractile fiber

A

Myofibril

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8
Q

Sac like membrane for contraction and relaxation

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

Thick muscle contraction and cell motility

A

Thick (myosin)

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10
Q

Thin muscle contraction

A

Thin (actin)

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11
Q

It is attached to the bone, skin, or fascia

A

Skeletal muscles

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12
Q

It is a connective tissue that seperates single muscle fibers (surrounds the muscle fibers)

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

Covering of fasciculus which transmit lateral contractile (surrounds the bundle of muscle fibers)

A

Perimysium

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14
Q

Allows muscle to contract and move while maintaining structural integrity (surrounds the muscle)

A

Epimysium

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15
Q

Transmit mechanical action

A

Fascicle

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16
Q

One muscle bundle

A

Fasciculus

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17
Q

What is the nervous control of skeletal muscle?

A

CNS

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18
Q

What is the appearance of skeletal muscle?

A

Single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleated with striations

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19
Q

Stimulation of single muscle to contract by ANS

A

En toto or En masse

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20
Q

A zone where there is no A band

A

Henzen zone

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21
Q

Region of I band to I band

A

Sacromere

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22
Q

What is the manner of contraction of skeletal muscle?

A

Very rapid

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23
Q

Time of twitch

A

0.1 second

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24
Q

Time of stimulation

A

0.01 second

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25
Q

Time of contraction

A

0.03 second

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26
Q

Time of relaxation

A

0.04 second

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27
Q

It connects the branching of myofilaments to contract at the same time

A

Intercalated disks

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28
Q

Cells and muscles for 1 function only

A

Synctium

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29
Q

What are the 2 synctia of heart?

A

Atrial and ventricular

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30
Q

Function of atrial synctium

A

To contract

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31
Q

Function if ventricular

A

Pump out blood
(Left - other body parts, right - lungs)

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32
Q

Appearance of cardiac muscle

A

Branching chains of cells, unicleated or binucleated, with striations

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33
Q

What is the nervous control of cardiac muslce

A

ANS

34
Q

What happens in en toto or en masse

A
  1. Stimulation of one muscle cell to contract by ANS
  2. SA node stimulates all muscle cells of atrial synctium to contract and relax.
  3. Then stimulation of AV nodes - stimulates the ventricular synctium to contract and relax
    = rythmic contraction of heart
35
Q

Nerve fibers surrounding entire ventricles

A

Bundle of His

36
Q

What is SA node

A

Considered as pacemaker to determine beat of heart

37
Q

Meaning of SA node

A

Sinoatrial node

38
Q

Meaning of AV node

A

Atrioventricular node

39
Q

Series of involuntary wavelike contraction of smooth muscles

A

Peristalsis

40
Q

-Attach to hair follicles in skin
-In walls of hollow organs like blood vessels and GI tract
-non striated

A

Smooth muscles

41
Q

Nervous control of smooth muscles

A

ANS - medulla oblongata

42
Q

Manner of contraction if smooth muscles

A

-slow wave like contraction

43
Q

What happens of manner of contraction of smooth muscles

A

Stimulation of initial cells to contract by ANS, then stimulated by ANS the next muscle then proceed until the last muscle cell to contract

44
Q

What is the arrangement of myofilaments in smooth muscles

A

Irregularly arranged (diagonally)

45
Q

What is attached to dense bodies?

A

Intermediate filament bundle

46
Q

True or false: therr are more thick filaments in smooth muscles

A

True

47
Q

There is no troponin complex in smooth muscle

A

Yes

48
Q

A synapse or connection between motor neuron and muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

49
Q

Are the nerves that innervate muscle fibers / or the glands

A

Motor neurons

50
Q

Single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervate

A

Motor unit

51
Q

What happens when axon approaches muscle?

A

It divides into terminal branches and loses its myelin sheath and form junction with one or more muscle fiber

52
Q

It is called when the axon terminal is enlarged into a knoblike structure which fits into shallow depression in underlying muscle fiber

A

Terminal button

53
Q

Where does acetylcholine came from?

A

Stored in synaptic vesicle

54
Q

Where does action potential arrives? And what will happen?

A

It arrives in pre-synaptic terminal and cause volted gated ca2+ channels to open

55
Q

How action potential is initiated

A

When the cell body has received enough excitatory signals from other neurons

56
Q

What makes the action potential be able to open the voltage-gated ca2+ channels?

A

-Action potential depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated channels
-Carries electrical properties which the voltage-gated channel will RESPOND TO OPEN

57
Q

When Ca2+ uptake in terminal what does it cause

A

Release neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) into synaptic cleft

58
Q

Another term for post synaptic cleft

A

Motor end plate

59
Q

What does motor end plate contains? And what is it for?

A

It contains nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine

60
Q

Enumerate the process of neuromuscular junction (before end plate potential)

A
  1. Action potential arrives at pre-synaptic terminal causing the voltage-gated ca2+ channels to open.
  2. Ca2+ releases neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) from synaptic vesicle to synaptic cleft
  3. Ach travels across synaptic cleft to motor end plate.
  4. Motor end plate contains nicotinic receptors where Ach binds
  5. Ach binds to the alpha subunit of the nicotinic receptors resulting to conformational change
  6. Na influx K efflux
  7. Causing the central core channels to open and increase the permeability of Na+ and K+
  8. Sodium enter muscle fiber
    (Ach molecules combine with receptor sites cause to open ligand-gated Na+ channels for Na+)
61
Q

What happens in end plate potential?

A
  1. When the ion channels open in the posylt synaptic membrane both Na+ and K+ flow down their concentration gradient
  2. In their resting potential, Na+ has more net driving force than K+
  3. Ach triggers opening channels more Na+ moves inwards, K+ outwards
  4. Depolarization happens
  5. Called end plate potential
62
Q

When small quanta (packets) of Ach are released randomly from nerve cell at rest, each produce smallest possible change in membrane potential of motor end plate

A

Miniature EPP

63
Q

When nerve impulse reaches the ending, the number of quanta release increases by several folds

A

Large EPP

64
Q

It destroyes Ach so that no new AP arise

A

Acetylcholinesterase

65
Q

When the electrical respojse is turned off by AchE what will happen to Ach

A

Will degrade into choline and acetate

66
Q

How many percent of choline is returned to the presynaptic terminal?

A

50%

67
Q

Who is responsible for returning the 50% choline to presynaptic terminal

A

Na+ choline transport

68
Q

Myosin heads bound to what?

A

ADP and phosphate molecule

69
Q

What happens in sliding filament theory

A
  1. Nerve impulse reaches muscle cells, ca2+ is released from Sr then bound to troponin - causes the tropomyosin molecule change or shift in position to expose binding sites (myosin binding site) - actin myofilament
  2. Myosin heads bind to the binding sites of the actin proteins, releasing first the phosphates
  3. then two filaments glide past one another, propelled by a head first movement of the myosin units then ADP released.
  4. New ATP molecules bind to the myosin bind to the myosin heads causing separation of the actin-myosin cross bridge (stopping motion) then ATP goes to ADP to provide power for the myosin head.
70
Q

It is the middle of I band and the boundary of contraction

A

Z disk/Z-line

71
Q

A zone which will disappear in contraction with no A bands and I bands

A

Henzen zone

72
Q

Where does sarcomere exist?

A

Z-line to Z-line

73
Q

It is the dark middle band and has overlapping thick and thin filaments

A

A band

74
Q

It is the end of A band with thin filaments only

A

I band

75
Q

It hold the myosin filaments to the Z-line

A

Titin proteins

76
Q

What does T-tubules associate with?

A

SR

77
Q

What does T-tubules serve

A

To rapidly conduct electrical excitation and communicate with SR

78
Q

It is composed of many myosin molecules has tail region and 2 globular heads

A

Thick filament structure

79
Q

It is composed of actin protein

A

Thin filament structure

80
Q

It is the protein spirals around actin helix

A

Tropomyosin

81
Q

It has binding sites for myosin cross bridges

A

Actin filaments

Histology (5 decks)

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