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hhd 3 & 4 > hhd aos2 term 2 chapter 5, 6 and 7 > Flashcards

hhd aos2 term 2 chapter 5, 6 and 7 Flashcards

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WSET ® Level 4 D2 Business of Wine flashcards
1
Q

infectious and parasitic disease

A

infectious -from one person to another
parasitic- these diseases occur when parasites enter the body ( through contaminated food)

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2
Q

cardiovascular disease

A

-involve heart and blood vessels and interfere with the blood getting circulated around the body

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2
Q

cancer (neoplasms)

A

increased contribution to mortality over time

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3
Q

respiratory diseases

A

-affects the lungs and other parts of the body involved in breathing

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4
Q

injury and poisoning

A

deaths from injury include those from motor vehicles and other accidents

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5
Q

changes in mortality and what killed us then and now

A

infectious and parasitic diseases
cancer
cardiovascular disease
respiratory diseases
injury and poisoning

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6
Q

public health

A

-Refers to the ways in which governments MONITOR, REGULATE and PROMOTE Health Status and prevent disease.

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7
Q

Policies and practices associated with old public health

A

1- Establishment of Govt funded water and sewage systems and better sanitation
2 – Quarantine laws
3- Improved food and nutrition

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8
Q

mass vaccination programs

A

a public health measure that improves health status
reduced levels of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases (eg smallpox)

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9
Q

old public health

A

Policies and practices introduced to improve the physical environment to stop the spread of disease and improve mortality rates and life expectancy

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10
Q

Policies and practices associated with old public health in improving health status

A

More hygienic birthing practices
(infant mortality rate)
quarantine laws( YLD)

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11
Q

MASSVACCINATIONPROGRAMS

A

Mass vaccination programs reduced levels of morbidity and mortality from infectious disease (Eg: smallpox, polio, tetanus and measles).

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12
Q

The Biomedical Model of Health

A

involves: DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT OF ILLNESS/CONDITIONS ONCE SYMPTOMS ARE ALREADY PRESENT

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13
Q

Biomedical Approach Focuses on:

A

Individual
The condition itself
Cure (not prevention)

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14
Q

Biomedical Approach is centered around

A

Doctors
Health Professionals

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15
Q

Biomedical Approach Examples:

A

Surgery
Medication
X-rays

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16
Q

features of the biomedical approach

A

the quick fix
relies on technology

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17
Q

advantages of the biomedical approach

A

creates advances in technology and research
extends life expectancy

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18
Q

disadvantages of the biomedical approach

A

Relies on health professionals and technology so is costly
Not every condition can be treated/cured

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19
Q

THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
“NEW PUBLIC HEALTH”

A

The SOCIAL model takes in to account the role that SES status, access to healthcare play in improving health status.

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20
Q

Social Approach Focuses on:

A

Community development (not individual)
Prevention

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21
Q

The social Approach is centered around and key aspects

A

Sociocultural factors that influence health
Education
Health promotion activities

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22
Q

principles of the social biomedical approach

A
  1. Acts to reduce social inequities
  2. Acts to enable access to healthcare
  3. Empowers individuals and communities
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23
Q

principle 1: address the broader determinants of health

A

Whenever a program has a focus on factors other than just behavior, it is addressing the broader determinants of health.
Eg: The Breastscreen initiative focuses heavily on women (gender

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24
Q

Principle 2: Involves intersectoral collaboration

A

when there are multiple groups of organizations working together to help a program succeed
e.g as part of the quit program they have partnered up with different initiatives

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25
Q

Principle 3: Acts to reduce social inequities

A

Can be addressed whenever a program looks at key sociocultural factors that have significant inequality in health outcomes.
e.g The P.A.R.T.Y program aims to educate more young males than females

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26
Q

Principle 4: Acts to enable access to healthcare

A

If the program does anything to increase access for people, it will enable access to healthcare.
e.g Multiple programs provide online and over-the-phone support, to reduce any barriers to accessing services face to face

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27
Q

Principle 5: Empowers individuals and communities

A

If it educates in any way, or allows for community participation in the form of decision-making, then it empowers individuals and communities.
e.g

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28
Q

advantages for the social approach

A

Relatively inexpensive
Focuses on vulnerable population groups

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29
Q

OTTAWA CHARTER

A

Provides a framework for the social model to run
3 strategies
5 action areas
9 prerquisites

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30
Q

3 strategies

A

advocate enable and mediate

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31
Q

what does advocate mean

A

Refers to actions that seek to gain support from governments and societies to make the changes necessary to improve factors that influence health.
e.g Media campaigns

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32
Q

what does enable mean

A

Focusing on equity and reducing the difference in health status between pop groups
e.g Access to education

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33
Q

what does mediate mean

A

Helping all involved groups avoid conflict to produce outcomes that enhance H and WB
e.g Reducing speed limits.

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34
Q

5 action areas of the Ottawa charter

A

build healthy public policy
create supportive enviroments
reorient health services
develop personal skills
strengthen community action

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35
Q

Action Area 1: Build healthy public policy

A

Relates to decisions made by governments OR organizations relating to LAWS and POLICIES that affect HWB.
e.g The introduction of the compulsory wearing of seatbelts

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36
Q

Action Area 2: Create supportive environments

A

Creating a supportive environment helps people practice healthy behaviors. Looks at the broader determinants to promote healthy physical and sociocultural environments
e.g providing shaded areas in children’s playground

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37
Q

Action Area 3: Strengthen Community Action

A

Focuses on building links between individuals and the community through various stakeholders working together to achieve a common goal

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38
Q

Action Area 4: Develop personal skills

A

Focuses on increasing health-related knowledge and life skills like education
e.g.the move it mob-style educated individuals by education them through choreographed dances that are available on tv and online

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39
Q

Action Area 5: Reorient health services

A

aims of much more emphasis on prevention and health promotion

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40
Q

Australia’s health system includes:

A

1) Medicare ​
2)The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme ​
3) The National Disability Insurance Scheme ​
4) Private Health Insurance​

41
Q

Medicare

A

Medicare is Australia’s Universal health insurance Scheme. funded by the Federal Government. It gives all Australians, permanent residents, and those from countries with a reciprocal agreement ACCESS TO SUBSIDISED HEALTH CARE

42
Q

how does Medicare provide access

A

There is a document (Medicare Benefits Schedule) outlining all the services that Medicare covers/partially covers the cost for.

43
Q

medicare covers

A

GP visits
x-rays

44
Q

medicare safety net

A

This means that people who spend a lot on Medicare services in a calendar year, receive a further reduction in costs for those services, for the remainder of the year

45
Q

advantages of medicare

A

choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services
available to all Australian citizens

46
Q

disadvantages of medicare

A

waiting lists for many treatments
does not cover any alternative therapies

47
Q

How is Medicare funded?

A

While it is the Federal Governments responsibility, it is funded in 3 ways:
Medicare Levy (2% of taxable income for all workers making over approx 20k/yr)

Medicare Levy Surcharge (1.5% of your income- for high-income earners)

General taxation.

48
Q

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)

A

The PBS is a scheme that benefits Australian’s by subsidizing medicines to make them more affordable.
The Federal Government is responsible for the PBS

49
Q

NDIS – National Disability Insurance Scheme

A

The NDIS is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers

50
Q

Eligibility requirements for ndis

A

age- under 65 for applying
Disability- Condition/impairment is permanent/lifelong
Reduced ability to participate in activites without assistance or assistive technolgy

51
Q

Private Health Insurance

A

Private health insurance is a type of insurance under which members pay apremium(or fee) in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare

52
Q

general info about PHI

A

No matter the hospital, Medicare will still pay 75% of the doctor’s scheduled fee
You can have your own room if available, and shorter waiting periods

53
Q

PHI is an important part of the healthcare system

A

Private hospitals hold 30% of all hospital beds
Private hospitals are largely funded by PHI companies which are funded by us

54
Q

what does private health insurance cover

A

general treatment cover (physio, dental)

55
Q

advantages for private health insurance

A

shorter waiting times for treatments
choice of a doctor while in public or private hospital

56
Q

PHI Rebate

A

tested partial ‘refund’ or ‘contribution’ to the total PHI premium, funded by the Federal government. .

57
Q

Lifetime Health Cover age 31

A

People who take up private insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2 per cent on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30. This is called a ‘loading

58
Q

Medicare Levy Surcharge

A

People earning more than$90 000a year ($180 000for families) pay an extra tax as a Medicare levy surcharge if they do not purchase private health insurance

59
Q

funding

A

We look at the funding OF the healthcare system for each of its components (Public Hospitals, PHI, Medicare, NDIS, PBS) and the benefits of this.

60
Q

sustainability

A

The sustainability of the Australian health system is about the capacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure into the future

61
Q

access

A

An accessible health system is one that can provide all people with timely access to quality health services based on their needs, not their ability to pay

62
Q

equity

A

the health system must take these differences into account if it is to be equitable and fair for all people

63
Q

medicare funding

A

Medicare funds part or all of the fees associated with health services, including doctor and specialist

64
Q

PBS funding

A

Essential medicines are subsidised through the PBS, providing treatment for many conditions, promoting health outcomes.

65
Q

NDIS funding

A

The NDIS can provide funding for a range of resources that promote health status

66
Q

Private health insurance funding

A

Private health insurance provides much of the funding for private hospitals, which are responsible for around 40 per cent of hospital treatments.

67
Q

medicare sustainability

A

Determining which services will be subsidised through Medicare can preserve funds for the most necessary services

68
Q

PBS sustainability

A

Continually reviewing the medicines available through PBS means those that will have the greatest benefits are prioritized

69
Q

NDIS sustainability

A

Each participant in the NDIS receives an individualised plan, which means that only necessary funds are spent on each person

70
Q

PHI sustainability

A

Incentives such as the private health insurance rebate, assist in maximising the funding gained through the private system.

71
Q

medicare access

A

Medicare provides access to people of all socioeconomic backgrounds to services such as doctors’ consultations and treatment in public hospitals.

72
Q

PBS access

A

All Australian citizens and permanent residents are entitled to access subsidised medicines through the PBS.

73
Q

NDIS access

A

The NDIS improves access to health services for people with significant, life-long disabilities

74
Q

PHI acess

A

The fedneral government’s private health insurance rebate increases access to private health insurance for those on lower incomes

75
Q

medicare equity

A

Medicare Safety Net — people who require frequent services covered by Medicare, such as doctor’s visits and tests, receive additional financial support

76
Q

PBS equity

A

PBS Safety Net — further protects individuals and families from large overall expenses for PBS-listed medicines

77
Q

NDIS equity

A

The individualized plan developed as a part of the NDIS ensures that those with more significant needs receive more assistance

78
Q

PHI equity

A

Those on lower incomes receive more financial assistance through the private health insurance rebate.

79
Q

smoking improving population health

A

There were anti-smoking campaigns put out to reduce the rates of smoking which promotes a supportive environment for the population and decreasing rates of morbidity

80
Q

ROAD SAFETY

A

Road safety relates to interventions put in place to reduce the risk of crashes, death, and injury caused to individuals as a result of using roads.

81
Q

why is road safety targeted

A

1) All road crashes are deemed to be preventable
2) Various population groups are affected disproportionately
3) The social and economic impacts are large

82
Q

The role of health promotion in improving population health in road safety

A

Deaths and injuries from road trauma cause significant emotional impacts on family, friends and other community members, especially as injuries are unforeseeable and cause a significant degree of shock.

83
Q

effectiveness of health promotion in improving population health road safety

A

the impact of health promotion interventions has been significant. As a result of these interventions, road trauma levels have declined substantially over the last four decades

84
Q

road safety Ottawa Charter build healthy public policy

A

Road laws such as seatbelts, speed limits and drink-driving laws

85
Q

smoking Ottawa charter
creating supportive enviroments

A

Create supportive environments: My QuitBuddy allows users to record personal goals and motivation using pictures, words, and audio messages. support from thousands of people

86
Q

road safety Create supportive environments

A

Random breath testing reduces the number of drivers on the road affected by alcohol or drugs, making it safer for all road users.
e.g

87
Q

TAC campaign

A

TAC the Transport Accident Commission (TAC) has played a large role in promoting road safety by focusing on a range of road safety issues to change public behavior.
providing resources to target speeding and drink-driving
creating high-profile, hard-hitting mass media campaigns

88
Q

initiative to improve indigenous hwb feeding the mob
Ottawa charter

A

Feedin’ the Mob strengthens community action by encouraging the community to be involved in activities that draw on local culture to develop personal skills by teaching the benefits of healthy eating and lifestyle

89
Q

initiative to improve indigenous hwb feeding the mob

A

Feedin’ the Mob’ is a nutrition, physical activity and healthy lifestyle program for Aboriginal Australians in the City of Whittlesea, Victoria. Feedin’ the Mob is funded by the federal government and supported by Whittlesea Council through its Healthy Communities initiative

90
Q

TAC campaign ottatwa charter developing personal skills

A

These campaigns work to develop personal skills relating to young drivers, fatigue, drug-driving, motorcycle safety, distractions, vehicle safety, speeding and drink-driving.

91
Q

the Australian Dietary Guidelines

A

The Australian Dietary Guidelines were developed by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), a federal government body

92
Q

the Australian Dietary Guidelines aimed at

A

The guidelines are intended to be used by health professionals, educators, industry bodies and other parties interested in promoting healthy eating. They are aimed at all people in the general healthy population, including those with common diet-related risk factors

93
Q

the Australian dietary guidelines 1

A

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.

94
Q

the Australian dietary guidelines 2

A

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following five groups every day and drink plenty of water.

95
Q

the Australian dietary guidelines 3

A

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.

96
Q

the Australian dietary guidelines 4&5

A

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.
Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.

97
Q

nutrition australia

A

Nutrition Australia acts to promote healthy eating by providing the latest information on nutrition research, and current food and health and wellbeing trends. This information is dispersed via media campaigns,

98
Q

Personal preference- challenges for dietary change

A

Most people prefer certain foods to others. This may be the result of factors such as taste preferences and past experiences. Food high in fat and sugar are flavour enhancers

99
Q

Willpower- challenges for dietry change

A

relating to slef control will power the ability to resist short-term temptations in order to meet long-term goals. Changing food intake often requires a commitment from the individual and some people don’t have the willpower to

100
Q

the relationship between the social and biomedical approaches

A

they both want to improve their health status and behaviour change and improve their diagnosis and treatment plans

101
Q
A

hhd 3 & 4 (7 decks)

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