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Module 4 - craniofacial skull > Craniofacial developmental disorders > Flashcards

Craniofacial developmental disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what gradient describes growth?

A

cephalocaudal gradient

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2
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of growth?

A

indivudal variability
normal variation
pattern v timing

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3
Q

what is the main trend seen in scammon’s curves (tissue systems)?

A

neural growth occurs very rapidly in early stages of first year of life and then tails off

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4
Q

when is the pubertal growth spurt?

A

8-12 year

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of growth in the craniofacial complex?

A

cranial vault
cranial base
nasomaxillary complex
mandible

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6
Q

what are the 3 distinct regions (embryonic origins) of the skull?

A

desmocranium
chondrocranium
viscerocranium

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7
Q

what is the chondrocranium?

A

cartilage based

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8
Q

what is the viscerocranium?

A

facial tissues

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9
Q

what is the desmocranium?

A

vault housing the brain

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10
Q

what is the process of bone development from fibrous membrane?

A

intra-membranous ossification

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11
Q

what happens prior to sutural growth?

A

fontanelle fusion

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12
Q

what are the main skull sutures?

A

coronal
lambdoid
formator
posterior
parietal

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13
Q

what happens to the sutures as the brain grows and bone moves apart ?

A

sutural infill

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14
Q

how does the skull remodel to accommodate neural growth?

A

resorption on inside
deposition on outside

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15
Q

what is hydrocephaly?

A

brain grows to an abnormally large size

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16
Q

what is microcephaly?

A

problem in neural development

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17
Q

what virus is associated with micrcephaly?

A

zeco virus

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18
Q

what is craniosynostosis?

A

premature fusion of cranial sutures which prevent brain expanding skull normally

results in protrusion of eyeballs

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19
Q

what is proptosis?

A

protrusion of eyes

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20
Q

what is crouzon syndrome?

A

craniosynostosis

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21
Q

what is apert syndrome?

A

coronal and lambdoid fusion - brain expands front and back instead of transversely

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22
Q

what is turricephaly?

A

tall head with small length and width

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23
Q

what is plagiocephaly?

A

saggital and coronal fusion

24
Q

what is trigonocephaly?

A

triangular forehead

25
Q

what type of ossification occurs in the cranial base?

A

endochondral

26
Q

what is synchondrosis?

A

a type of cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage completely joins together two bones

27
Q

where are centres of ossification in the chondrocranium?

A

either side of synchondrosis

28
Q

what is endochondral mechanism in the chondrocranium?

A

cartilage grows rapidly and replaced by bone

29
Q

how are ethmoid, sphenoid and basioccipital bones formed in the chondrocranium?

A

cartilage interposed between large sections of bone

30
Q

how is nasomaxillary complex formes?

A

begins at nasal cartilage
in adult, becomes intramembranous ossification of maxilla, nasal and zygomatic
apposition of bone at sutures
bone remodelling

31
Q

when does bone remodelling occur?

A

after bones are formed

32
Q

what process allows face to grow downwards?

A

sutural growth of the circum-maxillary sutures

33
Q

how is mandible formed?

A

condyle endochondral activity
periosteal activity

34
Q

what is a precursor of the mandible?

A

meckels cartilage

35
Q

when do condylar cartilage seperate?

A

early stages of foetal development before birth

36
Q

where do teeth develop?

A

alveolar process

37
Q

what are the components of the developing mandible?

A

condylar process
coronoid process
angular process
alveolar process
body
chin unit

38
Q

what is the role of the condylar cartilage?

A

downward and forward transposition of mandible via cranial base

bone deposition and resorption

39
Q

what is the complex growth rotation called?

A

Bjrok

40
Q

what is an environmental influence on growth?

A

orthodontic appliance

41
Q

what is a homebox gene?

A

master developmental control genes

42
Q

what is the role of homebox genes?

A

craniofacial shape and patterning
patterning of the dentition

43
Q

what do homebox genes encode?

A

transcription factors

44
Q

what do homebox genes control?

A

epithelial/ mesenchymal interaction

45
Q

how do homebox genes work?

A

through neural crest cells

46
Q

where is the origin of facial mesenchyme?

A

neural crest

47
Q

what homebox genes are involved in tooth development?

A

MSX1
MSX2

48
Q

what is tooth development information expressed through?

A

mesenchymal growth factors - FGF, EGF, TGF, BPM

49
Q

what happens during week 4 NCC migration?

A

NCC migration populates branchial arches

50
Q

what are features of treacher collins syndrome?

A

down slanting fissures
low set ears
maxillary hypoplasia
cleft

51
Q

what is missing in treacher collins syndrome?

A

condylar process
zygomatic arches

52
Q

what is absent in hemifacial microsomia?

A

ramus

53
Q

why is the ramus absent in hemifacial microsomia?

A

haemorrhage of stapedial artery

54
Q

what are the types of cleft lip?

A

unilateral
bilateral

55
Q

when does the primary palate fuse?

A

week 6 day 44

56
Q

when do the palatal shelves elevate?

A

week 7 day 54

57
Q

when does the secondary palate fuse?

A

week 8 day 58

Module 4 - craniofacial skull (12 decks)

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