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ML2001: Introductory Molecular Biology > Genetic Transfer Systems > Flashcards

Genetic Transfer Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the THREE mechanisms that bacteria are able to acquire genetic information from their environment or from each other?

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Transformation
  3. Transduction
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2
Q

What is Conjugation?

A

Transfer of DNA involving direct cell-to-cell contact mediated by pili

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3
Q

What is Transformation?

A

Uptake of free exogenous DNA by a bacterium

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4
Q

What is Transduction?

A

Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage

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5
Q

What are the THREE outcomes for recieved DNA?

A
  1. Exist autonomously in cytoplasm of recipient
  2. Integrated into recipient chromosome
  3. Replace homologous DNA of recipient
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6
Q

What is the Recipient?

A

Bacterium that RECIEVES DNA

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7
Q

What is the Donor?

A

Bacterium that DONATES DNA

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8
Q

What is Homologous DNA?

A

Regions of DNA which are very similar between donor and recipient

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9
Q

Can DNA move unidirectionally or bidirectionally between bacterium?

A

DNA always moves in one direction

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10
Q

What do a Donor and Recipient together make?

A

Mating pair

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11
Q

What factor do E. coli donor cells contain?

A

F-factor

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12
Q

What is an F-factor?

A

Genetic element (plasmid or episome) capable of conjugative transfer

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13
Q

How many genes are contained in an F-factor?

A

20 tra genes, involved in DNA transfer

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14
Q

What proteins do tra genes encode for?

A

Proteins required for the synthesis of specialised appendages (e.g. Pili)

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15
Q

What are the functions encoded by the F-plasmid?

A
  • Attach donor to recipient
  • Provide a channel through which genetic material can be passed
  • tra genes also confer surface properties on donors that prevents contact with other donors
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16
Q

What THREE forms can an F-factor exist in within a Donor?

A
  1. F+ donor
  2. Hfr bacterium
  3. F’ donor
17
Q

How does the F+ factor exist within a Donor?

A

Exists as small covalently closed circle of DNA within the cytoplasm

18
Q

How does the Hfr factor exist within the Donor?

A

F plasmid is integrated into the bacterial chromosome, mobilising the entire bacterial genome

19
Q

How does the F’ factor exist within the Donor?

A

May contain a few other genes in a circular structure that exists free in the cytoplasm

20
Q

What does the endonuclease (TraI) do in Conugation?

A

Puts a single break (or nick) in one of the two strands at the oriT, freeing one of the two DNA strands in the plasmid to begin DNA transfer to recipient

21
Q

Do Transducing Phage contain DNA, RNA, or both?

A

Only DNA

22
Q

What are the TWO different types of Transduction?

A
  1. Generalised
  2. Specialised
23
Q

How is Generalised Transduction carried out?

A

By virulent DNA-containing phage that have a lytic cycle of infection

24
Q

What is Generalised Transduction used for?

A
  • To measure the distance between two bacterial genes
  • Done by determining how frequently two genes are included in the same transducing phage
25
Q

What does the distance between two genes included in the same transducing phage indicate?

A

The closer together two genes are on the chromosome, the more frequently they will be included in the same piece of transducing DNA

26
Q

What ability of the cell will depend on whether it can undergo Transformation or not?

A

Whether the cell is Competent

27
Q

How can E. coli become Competent?

A

Through CaCl2 or LiCl2 treatment, or electroporation

28
Q

Who discovered the phenomenon of natural transformation?

A

Frederick Griffith

29
Q

Who showed that natural transformation was due to DNA that was taken up by the cell?

A

Oswald Avery

30
Q

What methods can produce Artificial Transformation?

A
  • Chemical treatment
  • Electroporation
  • Protoplast formation
  • Firing DNA-coated metal pellicles

ML2001: Introductory Molecular Biology (18 decks)

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