International Fisheries Management Flashcards

1
Q

ICCAT stand for?

A

International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas

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2
Q

RFMOs

A

regional fisheries management organisations

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3
Q

How many RFMOs are there?

A

5 - ICCAT is one of them.

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4
Q

When was ICCAT established?

A

1969

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5
Q

How many member nations is within ICCAT?

A

52 (included EU)

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6
Q

ICCAT Convention Area

A

Ocean and adjacent seas

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7
Q

Convention Resources

A

Tunas and tuna-like species

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8
Q

ICCAT’s function

A
  • Collection and analysis of statistical information
    • Joint planning of research, evaluation of results
    • Joint formulation of management recommendations
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9
Q

SCRS stand for

A

Standing Committee for Research and Statistics

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10
Q

How does SCARs assist ICCAT?

A

fisheries science
It comprised of scientists from member parties
Conduct assessments
Provide recommendations to management (which may or may not follow such recommendations)

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11
Q

U.S. Representation at ICCAT

A

3 US Commissioners
Federal, Commercial, and Recreational
Presidential appointments, 3-year terms

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12
Q

Who is responsible for implementing ICCAT managment measures?

A

The National Marine Fishereis Service (NMFS)

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13
Q

What are challenges in international fisheries management?

A

Science-based management: short term economic and/or political considerations can trump conservation objectives

Compliance: up to member countries to collect/submit data, and implement management measures; no international enforcement

IUU fishing: fishing by nations not party to RFMO, flags and ports of convenience, transshipment to avoid regulations

Allocation: historical fisheries vs. developing nations, how to reward compliance / penalize noncompliance

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14
Q

Science-based management?

A

Conservation and management measures have not always followed the scientific advice

The scientific advice is often intensely debated during management negotiations (by non-scientists!), using up limited meeting time

Short-term economic considerations often end up outweighing more conservative management approaches

The precautionary approach has been applied to the industry, not the resource

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15
Q

What are Harvest Strategies?

A

Actions that automatically take place if stock fall below the biological reference point.

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16
Q

Why manage fisheries?

A

Open access fisheries often overexploited and generally unprofitable (tragedy of the commons)

Management often seeks to optimize human-derived benefits via conservation measures

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17
Q

What do fisheries provide?

A

Food
Jobs and income
Cultural benefits

18
Q

Historical management

A

Large-scale management efforts (national, international) did not exist until 20th century

19
Q

Freedom of the Seas 1609

A

Coastal states were recognized as having sovereignty as far as cannons could fire from land (~3 miles)

international waters beyond

Little ability to manage most marine species

20
Q

US Commission of Fish and Fisheries 1871

A

Established to investigate, promote, and preserve US fisheries

Motivated by declines in coastal commercial fisheries

Became Fish and Wildlife Service (1940); NOAA created 1970, absorbed marine fisheries components of USFWS

21
Q

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) 1902

A

oldest intergovernmental science organization

Formed in response to concerns over fish stocks in the region

22
Q

International Pacific Halibut Commission

A

Established by the US & Canadia in 1923
Permitted research and ability to set seasons

23
Q

Law of the Sea Treaty - 1973-1982

A

defined 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) that provides exclusive rights to fisheries, minerals, and seafloor deposits

24
Q

Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC) 1875

A

The sole manager of stocks that occur exclusively in state waters (out to 3 miles)

Co-manager of stocks that occur in state & federal waters or state waters of multiple states

25
Q

Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) 1942

A

Manage stocks that occur primarily in inshore waters of several states
Works in collaboration with state and federal managers

26
Q

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSFCMA) 1976

A

Overarching legislation for the management of marine fisheries in federal waters (3 – 200 miles)

Designed to: prevent overfishing, rebuild overfished stocks, provide socioeconomic benefits, ensure sustainable food supply

Key driver → exclude foreign fleets (extend jurisdiction 12 to 200 miles)

27
Q

MSFCMA established ___ regional FIshery Management Councils

A

8

28
Q

Management Council Functions

A

Develop and amend fishery management plans

Convene committees and panels

Develop research priorities

Set catch limits based on science

Vote on management actions

29
Q

Sustainable Fisheries Act (1996)

A

Added definitions for “overfished” and “overfishing”
Specify objective & measurable criteria for determining stock status
Precautionary → MSY as the limit
Identify essential fish habitats, minimize impacts from fishing

30
Q

Magnuson-Stevens Reauthorization Act (2007)

A

Establish annual catch limits and accountability measures
Promote market-based management strategies
Improve science and data
Enhance international cooperation, address IUU and bycatch

31
Q

“Optimum Yield” (OY)

A

Amount of harvest that provides the greatest level of continual net benefits to the Nation

Based on MSY as reduced by social, economic, and/or ecological factors

32
Q

NOAA Fisheries mangages:

A

tunas, sharks, swordfish, and billfish occurring in the US Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean

33
Q

Why did NOAA take over this fishery management?

A

All were highly migratory species

Individual regional councils did not adequately cover species’ range → cooperation challenging (both among regions and internationally)

Works in coordination with the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) to implement domestic management

34
Q

UN Law of the Sea defines

A

EEZ boundaries

35
Q

The majority of global catch and revenues come from

A

transboundary species (cross EEZs of two or more bordering countries)
Catches from shared species declining more than non-shared

36
Q

What is expected to exacerbate international management challenges?

A

Climate-induced range shifts

37
Q

South Pacific Tuna Treaty (1988)

A

Allows US purse seiners to fish EEZs of Pacific island countries

38
Q

US & Canada have agreements for what two species?

A

Salmon and Halibut

39
Q

Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Species (1996)

A

UN agreement to enhance cooperative management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks

Utilize the best available science & precautionary approach, promote optimum use of fisheries resources

40
Q

Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs):

A

International body made up of countries that share a practical or financial interest in managing shared stocks

41
Q

Who are members of the RFMOs

A

coastal countries within a stock’s range and distant water fishing nations

42
Q

How many RFMOs does the US participate in?

A

11 (3/5 tune RFMOs)