Cell ultrastructure 1.2 Flashcards
What organelles do prokaryotic cells have?
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleoid
- Cell wall
- Plasmids
- Plasma membrane
- Flagellum
- Pili
- 70S ribosomes
- Slime capsule
What are the four kingdoms that eukaryotes are split up into?
- Protista
- Fungi
- Animalia
- Plantae
What organelles do eukaryotic cells have?
- Nuclear membrane+nuclear pore
- RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)
- Lysosome
- Mitochondrion
- Golgi apparatus
- Plasma membrane
- Vesicles
- Cytoplasm
What structures do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
- Chloroplasts
- Cell wall
- Vacuole
What is the structure and function of ribosomes?
(Universal)
- Structure = two subunits made of RNA and protein: larger in eukaryotes (80s) than prokaryotes (70s)
- Function = Site of polypeptide synthesis (process of translation)
What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?
(Universal)
- Structure = A filamentous scaffolding within the cytoplasm (fluid portion of cytoplasm is cytosol)
- Function = Provides internal structure + mediates intracellular transport (less developed in prokaryotes)
What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?
(Universal)
- Structure = Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins (not organelle but vital)
- Function = Semi-permeable an selective barrier surrounding cell
What is the structure and function of the nucleus?
(Plant + Animal)
- Structure = Double membrane structure with pores + contains inner region called nucleolus
- Function = Stores genetic material (DNA) a chromatin + nucleolus is site of ribosome assembly
What is the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
(Plant + Animal)
- Structure = a membrane network that may be smooth (SER) or studded with ribosomes (RER)
- Function = Transports material between organelles (SER = lipids, RER = proteins)
What is the structure and function of the golgi apparatus?
(Plant + Animal)
- Structure = An assembly of vesicles + folded membranes located near the cell membrane
- Function = Involved in sorting, storing, modification + export of secretory products
What is the structure and function of the mitochondrion?
(Plant + Animal)
- Structure = Double membrane structure + inner membrane highly folded into internal cristae
- Function = Site of aerobic respiration (ATP production)
What is the structure and function of the peroxisome?
(Plant + Animal)
- Structure = Membranous sac containing a variety of catabolic enzymes
- Function = Catalyses breakdown of toxic substances (e.g. H2O2) and other metabolites
What is the structure and function of the centrosome?
(Plant + Animal)
- Structure = Microtubule organising centre (contains paired centrioles in animal cells but not plant cells)
- Function = Radiating microtubules form spindle fibres + contribute to cell division (mitosis/meiosis)
What is the structure and function of the chloroplast?
(Plant only)
- Structure = Double membrane structure with internal stacks of membranous discs (thylakoid)
- Function = Site of photosynthesis - manufactures organic molecules are stored in various plastids
What is the structure and function of the vacuole?
(Plant only)
- Structure = fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast)
- Function = Maintains hydrostatic pressure (animal cells may have small, temporary vacuoles)
