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Bacterial Pneumoniae Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory tract infections are more frequent than infection of any other organ in the body.

T/F

A

T

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2
Q

Bacterial pneumonia and complications

Pneumonia can be defined as any ______ of the _______.

A

infection

lung parenchyma

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3
Q

Bacterial pneumonia and complications

Pneumonia results when the _______ are impaired or whenever ______ of the host is lowered

A

defense mechanisms

resistance

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4
Q

Factors affecting resistance of host includes:

(acute or chronic?) diseases,
________ deficiency,
treatment with ________ drugs
_____penia,
unusually _____ infections.

A

Chronic

immunologic

immunosuppressive

leuco

virulent

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5
Q

Airways clearing mechanism could be impaired following:

loss of _____ reflex

injured _______ apparatus

interference with _________ of ________ action of alveolar macrophages

pulmonary _______ and ________

accumulation of ________

A

cough

mucociliary

phagocytic or bactericidal

congestion and oedema

secretion

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6
Q

loss of cough reflex (______,______\, drugs, ________ disorder or chest pain)

injured mucociliary apparatus (cigarette smoke, ______ gases, _________ syndrome)

A

coma, anaesthesia

neuromuscular

Corrosive ; immotile cilia

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7
Q

interference with phagocytic or bactericidal action of alveolar macrophages (alcohol, tobacco smoke, _______ or _______________)

accumulation of secretion (_______ and __________)

A

anoxia, or oxygen intoxication

cystic fibrosis and bronchial obstruction

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8
Q

one type of pneumonia predisposes to another type

T/F

A

T

one type of pneumonia predisposes to another type PARTICULARLY in debilitated patients.

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9
Q

The portal of entry for most pneumonia is __________ and many chronic diseases acquire _______ pneumonia.

A

respiratory tract

terminal

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10
Q

Classification of pneumonia based on clinical settings

___________ acquired ____ pneumonia
____________ acquired ____ pneumonia
_______ Pneumonia
___________ pneumonia
_________ pneumonia
_________ Pneumonia and Lung Abscess
Pneumonia in _____________

A

Community; acute

Community; atypical

Nosocomial

Aspiration

Chronic

Necrotizing

Immunocompromised host

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11
Q

Community – Acquired Acute Pneumonia

____________
______________
__________________
___________
______________
 Enterobacteriaceae (________ sp.)

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

Haemophilus influenza

Moraxella catarrhalis

Staphylococcus aureus

Legionella pneumophilia

kliebsiella

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12
Q

B. Community-Acquired Atypical Pneumonia
_________ pneumoniae
_________ spp (c. pneumonae, c. psittaci, c.
trachmatis)
 Coxiella burnetti (__-fever)
 Viruses (_________ virus, ______ virus, _______ A and B, ____virus, _____ virus)

A

Mycoplasma

Chlamydia

Q

Respiratory syntical; parainfluenza

influenza; SARS; adeno

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13
Q

Nosocomial Pneumonia

 Gram-________ rods belonging to ________

_______________

A

negative; enterobacteriaeciae

Staphyllococus aureus

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14
Q

• Bacterial infection typically follows an ——————- infection.

A

upper respiratory tract viral

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15
Q

Bacterial pneumonia

• Risk factors include

:-________ of ages

•(acute or Chronic?) diseases

•Congenital or acquired __________

Decreased or absent ________ (SCD or post splenectomy)

A

Extreme

Chronic

immune deficiencies

splenic function

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16
Q

Bacterial pneumonia

The alveoli are filled with ___________, thus causing ________ of the lung tissue.

A

inflammatory exudates

consolidation

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17
Q

_________ pneumonia –

• It is the most common cause of community- acquired acute pneumonia.

A

Streptococcus

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18
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia –

• Although it responds to _______-based treatment, ________ should be performed prior to drug administration.

A

penicillin; antibiotic sensitivity

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19
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia –

• Examination of gram stained _____ shows numerous bacteria containing ______-shaped ___________.

A

sputum

lancet

diplococci

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20
Q

Pneumococcal vaccines are available for the high risk patients.

T/F

A

T

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21
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae –

• It is a pleomorphic, gram-________ bacteria.

• It is a major cause of life-threatening (acute or chronic?) (upper or lower?) respiratory tract infections and _______ in young children.

A

negative

Acute ; lower

meningitis

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22
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae –

• It is a common cause of _____-acquired pneumonia in (children or adults?) .

A

community

adults

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23
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae –

• The bacterium has _____ on its surface that facilitates binding to the respiratory _____ and produces ______ that degrades _______.

A

pilli

epithelium

protease

IgA

24
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae –

has a capsule that prevents ________ by ________ and ______ by host cells.

A

opsonization

complements

phagocytosis

25
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae –

It causes _____ media, _____, and ______pneumonia.

• It is also a common cause of _________ before the advent of vaccine.

• In older adults, it may cause septicaemia, endocarditis, pyelonephritis, cholecystitis and suppurative arthritis.

A

otitis; sinusitis; broncho

suppurative meningitis

26
Q

___________________–

The organism is also the commonest cause of acute exacerbation of COPD.

A

Haemophilus Influenzae

27
Q

Moraxella Catarrhalis –

• Along with the ________ and _______, it is one of the three most common cause of _______ in children.

A

Streptococcus and Haemophilus

otitis media

28
Q

Moraxella Catarrhalis –

• It is the (first, second , or third?) most common cause of acute exacerbation of COPD.

A

Second

29
Q

___________________–
• It is the most frequent cause of gram-negative bacteria pneumonia.

A

Kliebsiella Pneumoniae

30
Q

Kliebsiella Pneumoniae

It afflicts _______ and ———— people (particularly _________).

A

debilitated and malnourished

alcoholics

31
Q

Psuedomonas Aeruginosa –

• It causes _______ infection.

• It is frequently associated with _______ and _______ patients.

A

nosocomial

cystic fibrosis and neutropenic

32
Q

Legionella Pneumophilia –
• It is an agent of ________ disease.

• It flourishes in _______ environment.

A

Legionnaires

aquatic

33
Q

Legionella Pneumophilia –

• It is commonly seen in patients with cardiac, renal, immunologic and haematologic diseases.

T/F

A

T

34
Q

Two gross pattern are recognized in bacterial pneumonia -

_________ ———- pneumonia and ______ pneumonia

A

lobular; broncho

lobar

35
Q

Lobar pneumonia is a/an (acute or chronic?) bacterial infection resulting in _________ ———— of a (small or large?) portion of a lobe or _________.

A

Acute

fibrinosupurative consolidation

Large

an entire lobe

36
Q

Four stages are recognized in lobar pneumonia,

_________
____________
___________
____________

A

Congestion
red hepatization
gray hepatization
resolution.

37
Q

Stages of lobar pneumonia

In congestive stage, the lung is (light or heavy?) , ______ and (white or red?) .

There is vascular ________, _______fluid with few _______ and numerous ______.

A

Heavy

Boggy; red

engorgement

intra alveolar

neutrophils; bacteria

38
Q

Stages of lobar pneumonia

Red hepatization is characterized by massive ____________ with _____,_____,______ filling the alveolar spaces.

The lobes appear (airy or airless?) , (white or red?) and (loose or firm?) with a _______-like consistency, hence the term hepatization.

A

confluent exudation

red cells, neutrophils and fibrin

Airless; red ; firm

liver

39
Q

Stages of lobar pneumonia

Gray hepatization follows with progressive ________________ and the persistence of _____________ producing a ______________, (wet or dry?) surface.

A

disintegration of red cells

fibrosuppurative exudates

graying brown

Dry

40
Q

Stages of lobar pneumonia

The final stage is _______ in which the ______ within the alveoli undergoes progressive _______ to produce a __________ ingested by ________.

A

resolution; exudates

enzymatic digestion

granular debri; macrophages

41
Q

In the resolution stage of lobar pneumonia, _________ reaction to the underlying _______ may be present (pleuritis).

A

Pleural fibrinous

inflammation

42
Q

Bronchopneumonia

 produces _______ of ______ of acute
suppurative inflammation.

 It may involve _____ but it is normally _________ and frequently ______ and _______

A

patchy areas

consolidation

one lobe; multilobar

bilateral and basal.

43
Q

Bronchopneumonia

It appears as slightly (elevated or depressed?) , (wet or dry?) , granular, _______ to _____ lesion with (poorly or well?) delimited margin.

A

Elevated

Dry; gray-red to yellow

Poorly

44
Q

Bronchopneumonia

The histology shows ___________ – rich exudates that fill the bronchi, bronchioles and adjacent alveolar spaces.

A

neutrophil

45
Q

Complication of Pneumonia

________ formation – common with type ____ pneumonia &________.

________

 organization - convert part of a lung to _________

 ________ dissemination – heart valve, pericardium, brain, kidneys, joints, spleen.

A

Abscess; 3; Kliebsiella

empyema

solid form

bacteraemic

46
Q

Pneumonia: Clinical Course

 abrupt onset of (low or high?) fever, chills

_____ productive of _____ sputum

___________ occasionally

A

High

cough; mucopurulent

haemoptysis

47
Q

Complication of Pneumonia
______ formation

________
______________

A

Abscess

organization

bacteraemic dissemination

48
Q

Three patterns of pneumoniae

• ______
•_________
•___________

A

Lobar

Bronchopneumonia

Interstitial (atypical)

49
Q

Lobar Pneumonia

• Bacteria acquired in ______
•__________ to alveolus
• Enter alveolar type ___ cells
• Pneumococci multiply in alveolus
• Invade ________
• Pass from one alveolus to next through the __________
•________/_________ of lobes

A

nasopharynx

Aerosolized

II; alveolar epithelium

pores of Cohn

Inflammation/consolidation

50
Q

Lobar Pneumonia

Can involve entire lung

T/F

A

T

51
Q

Answer with either stage ,1,2,3,or 4

Pneumococci alive

Alveolar capillaries dilate

Lobes look red

Gray, firm lobe

Enzymes digests exudate

Dying pneumococci

RBCs disintegrate

Return to normal

Exudate of bacteria develops

A

2
1
2
3
4
3
3
4
1

52
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia

• Inflammatory infiltrate of _________ only

• More (indolent or aggressive ?) course

A

alveolar walls

indolent

53
Q

Atypical Pneumonia

Respiratory distress is (common or rare?)

___________ on chest X-Ray

“_________ pneumonia”

A

Rare

Interstitial infiltrates

Walking

54
Q

E. coli is a more common cause of adult or neonate pneumonia

A

Neonate

55
Q

Group B strep is a more common cause of adult or neonate pneumonia

A

Neonate

56
Q

Bad bugs cause ______ class of pneumonia

A

Nosocomial acquired

57
Q

Community Acquired PNA
Uncomplicated

No ________
No recent ______
Low community rates resistance
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, or Doxycycline
_______ to _______ course
Patient should be afebrile 48-72 hrs and clinically stable

A

co-morbidities

antibiotic use

Low ; Three to five day

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