13.38 - Lower Limb DR

Question 1

what are the major regions of the lower limb

Answer 1

gluteal region - buttock/hip (associated with trunk)

free lower limb - thigh, leg, foot

(leg = region between knee and ankle)

Question 2

identify the homologous regions between the upper and lower limb

Answer 2

pectoral girdle = hip/buttock

arm = thigh

forearm = leg

elbow = knee

hand = foot

but the movements of the limbs are very different

Question 3

compare the actions of homologous joints in the upper and lower limb

why is this

Answer 3

flexion at the elbow = anterior movement

flexion at the knee = posterior movement

the movements at the homologous joints are opposites

due to the permanent pronation/internal rotation (twisting) of the lower limb bud that occurs in utero between weeks 7-8

Question 4

what are the consequences of the permanent pronation of the lower limb bud

Answer 4

flexors become posterior and extensors become anterior → actions at homologous joints have opposite orientations

anterior position → dermatomes of the LL have twisted and oblique fields, compare to UL which are much straighter

thumb is lateral whereas its homologous digit the large toe is medial

Question 5

what are the bones associated with each region of the lower limb

Answer 5

pelvic girdle = buttock/hip

thigh = femur

patella = sesamoid bone of the knee which articulates anteriorly with distal end of femur

leg = tibia and fibula

foot = tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 6

what is the hip/pelvic bone made up of

where do the pair meet

Answer 6

fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis

the 3 individual bones are not obvious in adults

pair of hip bones fuse with sacrum at sacroiliac joint and with each other at pubic symphysis

Question 7

where do the ilium, ischium and pubis meet (before fusion)

Answer 7

triradiate cartilage separates the 3 bones

fusion of the cartilage begins at 15

the 3 bones (+ cartilage before fusion) form the acetabulum where the head of femur articulates

Question 8

what forms the obturator foramen

Answer 8

fusion of the ischium in inferiorly and superiorly with the pubis:

ramus of ischium fuses with superior ramus of pubis

body of ischium fuses with inferior ramus of pubis

(ischium is more posterior)

(obturator foramen is covered with obturator membrane)

Question 9

label diagram

Answer 9

Question 10

label diagram

Answer 10

Question 11

label the anterior view of the pelvis

Answer 11

Question 12

label the diagram

what are the main features of the bone

what direction is the bone in the body

why is this important

Answer 12

proximal end - articulates with pelvis

distal end - articulates with tibial plateau

anterior surface of shaft is smooth

posterior surface of shaft has linea aspera → ridge which runs down the majority of the length (important for muscle attachment)

head and neck of femur is oblique, distal end is on a horizontal plane → makes thighs inferomedially oblique → makes knees close together and under pelvis → important for bipedal gait

Question 13

label the ends of the femur

why are they so different

Answer 13

their structural features are based on the joints they create with other bones

proximal end:

head - ⅔ of a sphere

neck - relatively narrow → point of weakness but allows for greater mobility

distal:

articulates with proximal end of tibia

condyles are more rounded in the anterior to posterior axis → allows flexion and extension of knee

Question 14

label the leg bones

what are the notable features of them

Answer 14

tibia is larger and is weight bearing
proximal end is widened to formal tibial plateau
distal end is slightly widened with inferior projection called medial malleolus
proximally - tibial plateau articulates with distal femur to form knee joint
distally - articulates with the talus tarsal bone to form ankle joint

fibula is lateral to tibia
more slender than tibia
not directly weight bearing → acts as a site muscle attachment
distally - lateral malleolus forms lateral wall of ankle joint
proximally - articulates laterally with proximal tibia to form proximal tibiofibular joint

Question 15

how are the tibia and fibula connected

Answer 15

shafts are connected via fibrous interosseous membrane

Question 16

describe the structure of the proximal ends of the leg bones

Answer 16

tibial plateau is divided into 3 parts → medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar eminence which has pair of intercondylar tubercles

tibial tuberosity → (can be palpated just below knee) muscle attachment point

proximal tibiofibular joint - between proximal end of fibula and lateral proximal end of tibia

Question 17

why is the fibular not weight bearing

Answer 17

because it does not articulate with the femur

proximally it articulates laterally with proximal end of tibia to form tibiofibular joint

Question 18

label diagram of proximal end of leg bones

Answer 18

Question 19

what are the surfaces of the foot

what are the movemenst of the foot

Answer 19

upper surface = dorsum

sole/lower surface = planta

plantarflexion → toes pointing inferiorly (when foot is on ground heel will be raised)

dorsiflexion - toes pointing superiorly

inversion - plantar surface of foot is turned medially

eversion - plantar surface of foot is turned laterally

Question 20

describe the structure of the foot bones

Answer 20

posterior to anterior:
tarsals → metatarsals → phalanges

tarsals:

calcaneus = heel bone (most posterior)

talus (sits on top of calcaneus) articulates with medial and lateral malleolus of leg bones to form ankle joint

cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms

metatarsals:

5 metatarsal, each with proximal base, shaft and distal head

phalanges:

each digit has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) , except hallux (big toe) which only has 2 (proximal and distal)

Question 21

what bone is visible present only on the plantar surface of the foot

what is its function

Answer 21

sesamoid bones - pair of small bones seen in the 1st metatarsal phalangeal joint which are embedded in tendon of flexor hallucis brevis

bones important because they can bear most of the body’s weight when the heel is raised

they protect the important tendon - flexor hallucis longus which runs in between them

Question 22

what can be observed on the medial and lateral views of the foot

Answer 22

arches of the foot

shape of the bones forms the arch

but maintenance of the arch needs muscle, tendons + ligaments

(note that the medial sesamoid bone is visible on the medial view of the foot)

Question 23

what is function of the foot arches

Answer 23

distribute the bodyweight

stiffen the foot → whilst still allowing some flexibility and energy efficiency in walking and running

flat feet or high arches not only change footprint but also cause significant problems

Question 24

describe the structure of the arches of the foot

Answer 24

3 arches

medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, transverse arch

medial - calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, 1st 2nd 3rd metatarsals
highest longitudinal arch

lateral - calcaneus , cuboid, 4th 5th metatarsal

transverse - metatarsal bass, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms
only visible in coronal plane

Question 25

label the bones of the foot

Answer 25

calcaneus. talus, cuboid, navicular + 3 cuneiforms = tarsals metatarsals have proximal head, shaft and distal base digits 2-5 - proximal, middle, distal phalange hollux - proximal and distal phalange

Question 26

label the arches and the bones

Answer 26

Question 27

label the arch and the bones

Answer 27

Question 28

what connects the free lower limb and the trunk

Answer 28

hip joint - between head of femur and acetabulum

Question 29

what are the joints of the lower limb what types of joints are they what bones are they between

Answer 29

sacro iliac joint - synovial joint (limited mobility) between iliac bone and sacrum pubic symphysis - fibrocartilaginous between 2 bodies of pubis hip joint - ball and socket synovial joint between head of femur and acetabulum patello-femoral joint - gliding synovial joint between intercondylar fossa of femur and patella proximal tibiofibular joint - plane synovial joint between proximal head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia distal tibiofibular joint - fibrous joint between fibular notch of distal tibia and distal fibula ankle joint - synovial hinge body of talus and distal ends of tibia and fibula numerous joints within and between groups of bones in foot - mainly synovial distal interphalangeal joints proximal interphalangeal joints metatarsophalangeal joints

Question 30

label the joints what type are they what are the bones in between

Answer 30

sacro iliac joint - synovial joint (limited mobility) between iliac bone and sacrum pubic symphysis - fibrocartilaginous between 2 bodies of pubis hip joint - ball and socket synovial joint between head of femur and acetabulum patello-femoral joint - gliding synovial joint between intercondylar fossa of femur and patella proximal tibiofibular joint - plane synovial joint between proximal head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia distal tibiofibular joint - fibrous joint between fibular notch of distal tibia and distal fibula ankle joint - synovial hinge body of talus and distal ends of tibia and fibula numerous joints within and between groups of bones in foot - mainly synovial distal interphalangeal joints proximal interphalangeal joints metatarsophalangeal joints

Question 31

what are the movements of the hip what joint allows theses

Answer 31

flexion, extension abduction, adduction medial rotation, lateral rotation (more restricted movements) hip joint → ball and socket synovial joint highly mobile joint so needs stabilisation

Question 32

describe the structure of the acetabulum

Answer 32

ilium, ischium and pubis all contribute to the acetabulum incomplete inferiorly → gap called acetabular notch in the acetabular notch there is the transverse acetabular ligament (completes the socket) centrally there is a depression → acetabular fossa in the acetabular fossa there is fibro-fatty tissue → makes the articular surface of the acetabulum a horseshoe shape → best shape for minimising contact stress in acetabulum socket is deepened by rim of cartilage → acetabular labrum ligament of the head of femur/ligamentum teres connects the acetabulum and the head of femur → ligament is connects the transverse acetabulum ligament and the fovea of the head of the femur when head of fovea is in the acetabulum the ligament is pushed into acetabular fossa

Question 33

label the structures what is the significance of the acetabular structures

Answer 33

acetabular notch → completed by transverse acetabular ligament → attached to it is the ligamen of head of femur → attaches fovea of femur to acetabulum what head of femur is in the socket the ligament of head of femur is in the acetabular fossa acetabular fossa → contains fibro-fatty tissue → makes articular surface of acetabulum horseshoe shaped → bes shape for limiting contact stress

Question 34

what ligaments stabilise the hip joint

Answer 34

3 capsular ligaments → thickened bands of hip joint capsule which connect hip bone and proximal femur iliofemoral ligament - inserts anterior inferior iliac spine, broad distal attachment along inter-trochanteric line of proximal femur (y shaped) pubofemoral - between superior pubic rami and inter-trochanteric line ischiofemoral - between body of ischium and greater trochanter of femur (only visible posteriorly) arrangement means when the ligaments are twisted they draw together the structures which they are attached to → distance between the structures is reduced this happens in extension of hip joint → head of femur is drawn into joint → stabilising joint

Question 35

label diagram what is the ligament function

Answer 35

stabilise hip joint especially during hip extension by drawing head of femur further into acetabulum

Question 36

what type of joint is the knee what bones makes up the knee joint

Answer 36

synovial hinge joint distal lateral and medial condyles of femur articulate with lateral and medial condyles of the tibial plateau (patella and fibula do not directly contribute to the knee joint)

Question 37

what movements occur at the knee

Answer 37

flexion and extension small degree of lateral and medial rotation of knee occurs during full extension → to lock and unlock the joint → but rotation is limited by ligaments (opposite direction to the same movements at the hip)

Question 38

what is important to note about the structure of the knee

Answer 38

the distal femur and proximal tibia do not fit well together → the medial and lateral condyles on the proximal tibia only have very shallow depressions → not good fit for the femoral medial and lateral condyles lack of stability → other structures are need to stabilise the joint → main ligaments are anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments medial and lateral menisci are on the tibial condylar surfaces → the cartilage inccrease the congruence of the joint articulation by adapting to the change in femoral condylar shape as they roll over tibial plateau during flexion and extension

Question 39

what are the articular surfaces of the knee joint on the femur

Answer 39

distal lateral and medial condyles between them anteriorly is patella between them posteriorly is the intercondylar fossa the condyles are a pair of surfaces that are convex in the anterior-posterior axis

Question 40

label the diagram what bone is shown

Answer 40

distal femur and patella

Question 41

what is the tibial articular surface of the knee joint

Answer 41

medial and lateral condyles separated by intercondylar eminence which has pair of intercondylar tubercles c shaped cartilage menisci on the condylar surfaces

Question 42

label the diagram what bone is shown

Answer 42

proximal tibia

Question 43

what are the ligaments which stabilise the knee what are their functions anterior view

Answer 43

anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments → respectively attach to anterior and posterior of tibia → cross over each other → attach to intercondylar fossa of femur limite anterior-posterior movements of femur relative to tibia medial and lateral collateral ligaments → respectively connect the medial femur to tibia and lateral femur with head of fibula prevent abduction and adduction at knee → limit knee to hinge activity

Question 44

label the diagram what are the ligament functions what movement is the knee doing

Answer 44

anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments = limit anterior-posterior movements of femur relative to tibia medial and lateral collateral ligaments = prevent adduction and abduction of the knee flexion of the right knee

Question 45

label this posterior view of the knee

Answer 45

Question 46

label this superior view what is showing what is important to note

Answer 46

superior view of tibial plateau medial collateral ligament is attached to the medial meniscus → increased likelihood of damage to medial meniscus

Question 47

what are the purpose of bursae in the knee

Answer 47

synovial fluid filled sacs which acts as cushioning to allow tendons to slide over bony surfaces some are isolated sacs → e.g. prepatellar bursae some are outpouchings of the synovial capsule of the knee joint → e.g. suprapatellar bursa

Question 48

what is shown in this picture what has likely caused it

Answer 48

bursitis → inflammation of the bursa very painful caused by repeated trauma from kneeling and weight bearing on hard surfaces

Question 49

what is the largest joint in the body

Answer 49

knee

Question 50

label the bursae

Answer 50

Question 51

what type of joint is the ankle what movements can it do

Answer 51

synovial hinge joint ``` dorsiflexion = extension plantarflexion = flexion (when foot is on ground plantar flexion raises the heel → tiptoe) ``` inversion (plantar surface faces medially) and eversion (plantar surface faces laterally) do not occur at the ankle joint but at the subtarsal and other intertarsal joints (joint between leg and foot)

Question 52

describe the structure of the ankle

Answer 52

involves tibia, fibula + talus tibia and fibula for square shaped socket called a mortise distal ends of tibia and fibula have prominences → medial malleolus and lateral malleolus respectively → which then form the medial and lateral walls of the socket body of the talus then fits into the mortise (socket)

Question 53

what is the structure of the talus why is this important

Answer 53

in the anterior to posterior axis the body of talus is domed lateral and medial aspects are flatter and only articular with the lateral and medial malleolus weight is transferred to the talus by only the tibia → the fibula is not weight-bearing, but is important as a site of muscle attachment and in forming the lateral wall of the ankle joint

Question 54

what is the structure of the talus why is this important

Answer 54

in the anterior to posterior axis the body of talus is domed lateral and medial aspects are flatter and only articular with the lateral and medial malleolus weight is transferred to the talus by only the tibia → the fibula is not weight-bearing, but is important as a site of muscle attachment and in forming the lateral wall of the ankle joint

Question 55

what are the ligaments of the ankle what are their functions

Answer 55

medial ligament - broad triangular ligament - fans out from the medial malleolus prevents over-eversion of the ankle anterior + posterior tibiotalar - between talus and medial malleolus tibiocalcaneal - between calcaneus and medial malleolus tibionavicular - between navicular and medial malleolus lateral ligament - 3 distinct ligaments prevents over inversion of the ankle anterior and posterior talofibular - between talus and lateral malleolus calcaneofibular - between lateral malleolus and calcaneus

Question 56

label the ligaments

Answer 56

Question 57

label the ligaments

Answer 57

Question 58

what is a sprained ankle what is the most common pathology

Answer 58

when forced over inversion or over eversion causes damage to the medial or lateral ligaments of the ankle medial ligament is very tough → is rarely damaged even by significant forced over-eversion sprained ankles usually due to over-inversion → stretched or torn lateral ligaments most commonly affected are the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments

Question 59

what is most commonly damaged causing an ankle sprain

Answer 59

lateral ligaments: anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular

Question 60

what are the movements shown here what joints do they occur at

Answer 60

in the LL only at the hip joint is flexion anterior and extension posterior movement (in upper limb it is the same) at the other joints e.g. ankle, knee flexion is posterior and extension is anterior

Question 61

what is circumduction what joints can it occur at

Answer 61

composite movement → combination of adduction, abduction, flexion and extension circular motion of joint most commonly seen in shoulders and hip but any joint which can do all those 4 movements can circumduct

Question 62

how are muscles grouped

Answer 62

into compartments: which have a distinct function and the same blood and nerve supply each compartment is separated by connective tissue walls (septae)

Question 63

describe the fascia of the thigh

Answer 63

muscles of the thigh are covered by tough layer deep fascia → fascia lata begins around the iliac crest and inguinal ligament and extends to bony prominences to tibial and femoral condyles + patella + head of fibula (acts like cycling shorts) laterally a band of the fascia lata is thickened → forms iliotibial tract (acts like a tendon)

Question 64

what are the muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 64

superficial muscles - extensors and abductors of the hip gluteus maximus gluteus medius gluteus minimus tensor fascia latae shorter deep muscles - lateral rotators of the hip piriformis obturator internus superior and inferior gemelli quadratus femoris

Question 65

what are the origins and attachment of the hip extensors + abductors

Answer 65

gluteus maximus - largest and most superior muscle origin - posterior iliac crest and sacrum insertion - ¼ pf the fibres travel inferiorly and attach to gluteal tuberosity of femur, ¾ of fibres insert into iliotibial tract major hip extensor gluteus medius origin - broad fan- shaped attachment to posterior ilium insertion - greater trochanter of femur gluteus minimus origin posterior surface of ilium insertion - greater trochanter of femur when lower limb is planted on ground → stabilises tilt of pelvis tensor fascia lata (most anterior gluteal muscle, is superior to gluteus minimus + part of gluteus maximus) originates from outer lip of anterior iliac crest insertion - iliotibial tract (itself attches to lateral tibial condyle) tightens the fascia lata → stabilises hip during extension

Question 66

label the muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 66

Question 67

what are the anterior thigh muscles what are their functions

Answer 67

mainly hip flexion and knee extension quadriceps: 4 heads (superficial to deep) - rectus femoralis, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius origin - vasti originate from femur knee extensor origin of rectus femoralis - Anterior inferior iliac spine knee extensor and hip flexor (as it crosses the hip joint) all unite to form quadriceps tendon which attaches to patella iliopsoas: origin- iliacus is iliac fossa, psoas major is lumbar vertebrae attachment - lesser trochanter of femur they merge as they pass under inguinal ligament → attach to lesser trochanter of femur psoas major and iliacus merge to form iliopsoas → major hip flexor pectineus: origin - superior pubic ramus attachment - posterior of shaft of femur flexion and adduction of hip sartorius (most superficial muscle of anterior thigh): longest muscle in body, runs in inferomedial direction origin - ASIS attachment - medial surface of tibia flexor of hip and knee, abduction and lateral rotation of hip

Question 68

what is the patellar ligament

Answer 68

attachment of the patella inferiorly to the tibial tuberosity

Question 69

label the diagram mainly what muscle compartment is shown

Answer 69

anterior compartment of thigh

Question 70

what are the muscles of the medial compartment

Answer 70

mainly hip adductors important for maintaining stance and gait can contribute to hip flexion and extension (depending on thigh position) mostly triangular muscles originating from ischium or pubis which pass obliquely to form broader distal attachments at posterior of shaft of femur (except gracilis → strap muscle which attaches to tibia) adductor longus: originates - body of pubis insertion - linea aspera of femur adduction of hip adductor brevis: originates - body of pubis and inferior pubic rami insertion - linea aspera of femur adduction of hip adductor magnus (largest in compartment, most posterior): origin - external border of ischiopubic ramus insertion - upper part inserts on linea aspera, lower part inserts on adductor tubercle of femur, gap between them is adductor hiatus adduction of hip gracilis (most medial): insertion - inferior pubic ramus insertion - medial surface of tibia adduction of hip obturator externus: origin - obturator membrane + ischiopubic rami insertion - trochanteric fossa (on posterior aspect of femur) adduction of hip + lateral rotation

Question 71

what is groin strain

Answer 71

overstretch of muscles the hip adductor muscles in the thigh anterior compartment of thigh - pectineus medial compartment of thigh - adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, obturator externus

Question 72

label the muscles what compartment is shown what is their main function

Answer 72

medial thigh muscles hip adduction

Question 73

what are the muscles of the posterior compartment of thigh what is their function

Answer 73

3 hamstrings → elongated + spindle shaped muscles leg flexion and hip extension all originate from ischial tuberosity except short head of biceps femoris semitendinosus: insertion - medial surface of tibia covers majority of semimembranosus, both travel down medial side of femur + knee joint semimembranosus: insertion - medial tibial condyle ``` biceps femoris (most lateral): 2 heads - long and short short head origin - linea aspera of posterior femur merge in distal thigh → form singe tendon → cross knee → inserts into head of fibula ``` NOTE: hamstring portion of adductor magnus has the same function and innervation as these main hamstring muscles

Question 74

label the muscles what compartment are they what is their function

Answer 74

posterior thigh leg flexion and hip extension

Question 75

what are the muscle compartments of the leg

Answer 75

anterior (shin) - extensors (dorsiflexion) lateral (smallest) - foot eversion posterior (largest) - flexors (plantarflexion) anterior and posterior compartments are separated by the tibia and fibula + their interosseous membrane lateral compartment is separated from the other compartments by connective tissue walls

Question 76

how are the muscles of the leg and foot classified

Answer 76

Question 77

what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg what are their functions

Answer 77

**supplied by deep peroneal nerve and anterior tibial artery** dorsiflexors → extensors of foot and toes) tibialis anterior (most superficial) origin - lateral surface of tibia insertion - medial cuneiform + base of 1st metatarsal dorsiflexes and inverts foot extensor digitorum longus: origin - medial fibula, lateral tibial condyle + interosseous membrane insertion - distal + middle phalanges of toes 2-5 extension of 4 lateral toes + dorsiflexes foot extensor hallucis longus: origin - medial surface of fibula insertion - base of distal phalanx of great toe extension of hallux and dorsiflexes foot peroneus tertius: origin - from most inferior part of extensor digitorum longus insertion - base of 5th metatarsal weakly assists dorsiflexion + eversion

Question 78

what causes shin splints

Answer 78

damage to muscles in anterior compartment of leg → particularly to tibialis anterior

Question 79

label the muscles what compartment are they what is their function

Answer 79

anterior compartment dorsiflexors → extensors of foot + toes

Question 80

what are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg what are their function

Answer 80

2 muscles - peroneus brevis and peroneus longus both originate from fibula → form tendons → tendons enter the foot by passing posteriorly to the lateral malleolus → then travels under the foot carry out foot eversion peroneus longus (larger and more superficial): origin - lateral fibula + lateral tibial condyle insertion - at the area between cuboid and 5th metatarsal joint the tendon crosses from lateral to medial and then inserts at the 1st metatarsal joint foot eversion and plantar flexion peroneus brevis: origin - lateral surface of fibular shaft insertion - at the tubercle of the 5th metatarsal joint foot eversion Note: peroneus tertius is in the anterior compartment and weakly involved in dorsiflexion + eversion

Question 81

label the muscles what compartment is shown what is the function

Answer 81

lateral leg muscles foot eversion

Question 82

what are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg what are their functions

Answer 82

superficial and deep group deep group are posterior versions of the anterior muscles of the leg involved in plantar flexion (true flexion) **superficial group:** gastrocnemius (most superficial) 2 heads - medial + lateral origin - medial and lateral femoral condyles respectively heads converge to form single muscle belly insertion - converge with soleus to form triceps surae and the calcaneal tendon (achilles) inserts into calcaneus plantar flexion soleus: origin - soleal line of tibia and proximal fibula insertion - joins calcaneal tendon inserts into calcaneus plantar flexion plantaris: small muscle with a very long tendon origin - lateral femoral condyle insertion - joins calcaneal tendon very close to calcaneus weakly assists with plantarflexion **Deep:** popliteus (most superior): runs in inferomedial direction - narrow origin, broad distal attachment origin - lateral condyle of femur insertion - posterior surface of proximal tibia, just above soleal line lateral rotates femur (relative to tibial plateau) to unlock knee joint when fully extended tendons pass to plantar surface of foot via medial malleolus flexor digitorum longus (medially located): origin - medial surface of tibia insertion - bases of distal phalanges 2-5 flexion of toes 2-5 flexor hallucis longus (laterally located): larger than FDL travels medially origin - posterior surface of fibula insertion - base of distal phalanx of hallux flexion of hallux tibialis posterior (deepest): between FDL and FHL origin - posterior interosseous membrane + the posterior areas of tibia and fibula adjacent insertion - medial plantar tarsal region (navicular, cuboid, cuneiform) foot inversion + weakly assists with plantar flexion

Question 83

what is the clinical significance of plantaris

Answer 83

posterior compartment of leg (superficial) weakly assists with plantar flexion very long tendon which can be harvested for reconstruction

Question 84

what makes up the achilles tendon

Answer 84

calcaneal tendon tendon of triceps surae muscle - gastrocnemius + soleus merge distal tendon attaches to calcaneus

Question 85

label the muscles what compartment is shown what is their function

Answer 85

superficial muscles of the posterior compartment plantar flexion

Question 86

label the muscles what is their function

Answer 86

posterior muscles of the leg (deep) popliteus - lateral knee rotation plantar flexion, toe flexion, foot inversion

Question 87

what are the muscles of the foot

Answer 87

intrinsic muscles of foot dorsum of foot: extensor digitorum brevis: helps extensor digitorum longus with extension of toes 2-5 extensor hallucis brevis: helps extensor hallucis longus with extension of hallux plantar surface of foot: 10 intrinsic muscles 4 layers 1st layer - immediately inferior to fascia abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis in between 1st and 2nd layer is flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus tendons 2nd layer: quadratus plantae lumbricals