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British History > Topic 3: Social (1970-79) > Flashcards

Topic 3: Social (1970-79) Flashcards

1
Q

4

Describe the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act under Wilson

A
  • Act made it unlawful to discriminate on the grounds of sex in employment, educational facilities, housing, goods and services
  • Equal Opportunities Commission created with investigator powers
  • Discrimination still hard to prove
  • Between 1976-1983 only 10% of sex discrim cases in workplace successful
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2
Q

4

List the main developments in feminism in the 1970s

A
  • Women Lib groups
  • Demonstrations
  • Factions
  • Legislation
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3
Q

5

Describe political progress in the feminist movement in the 1970s

A
  • legislation
  • 1970s saw high point of second-wave feminism
  • Epitomised through inauguration of UN International Women’s in 1977
  • Women’s Liberation pressure group set up in 1970
  • First female leader for major party - Thatcher 1975
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4
Q

4 - 3 groups

Describe the factions of feminism in the 1970s

A
  • radical feminists - demanded feminism based upon lesbian relationships
    • first Gay Pride march held in London in 1971
  • moderate feminism - combined equality with family life
  • socialist feminism - identified class division in female equality and demanded greater economic independence of women
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5
Q

5

Describe social progress in the feminism movement in the 1970s

A
  • Growth of literature
  • Education furthered through opening of Department of women’s studies in universities
  • Pill had become available on NHS
  • First rape crisis centre opened in London in 1976
  • Marriage
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6
Q

4

Describe protests of the feminist movement in the 1970s

A
  • Women’s Lib groups disrupted the 1970 Miss World Contest and heckled host Bob Hope, protesting the objectification of women
  • First Women’s Liberation March took place in 1971 - divisions over radical separatists
  • Demonstrations in March 1971 in Liverpool/London demanding equal pay and free nurseries
  • 1977, first ‘reclaim the night’ march held across Britain in response to Yorkshire Ripper murders
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7
Q

Unprecedented economic independence:

Women’s earnings as proportion of men’s grew from (…) in 1970 to (…) in 1980

A

63%
73%

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8
Q

3

Describe marriage/divorce in the 1970s

A
  • N of first marriages declined - marriage rate sustained by rising second marriages
  • New cohabitation partnerships emerged e.g. stable unmarried relationships
  • Survey found 77% felt that marriage was not old fashioned
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9
Q

3

Describe feminist literature in the 1970s

A
  • 1972, Cosmopolitan magazine arrived from US and dealt with issues such as abortion and contraception
  • Appealed to mainstream with fashion - not popular with militant feminists for engendering stereotypes
  • Publishers such as Virago furthered Women’s Liberation movement
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10
Q

5

List women’s rights legislation in the 1970s

A
  • Sex Discrimination Act 1975
  • Equal Pay Act 1970 (operative in 1975)
  • Social Security Act 1975
  • Employment Protection Act 1975
  • Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1976
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11
Q

1

Describe limits to the Equal Pay Act 1970

A
  • employers used loopholes to give women different, lower-paid tasks → pay therefore not comparable
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12
Q

2

Describe the Social Security Act 1975

A
  • By Castle
  • Consolidated state pension scheme
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13
Q

2

Describe the Employment Protection Act 1975

A
  • introduced paid maternity leave
  • outlawed dismissal on pregnancy grounds
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14
Q

1

Describe the Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1976

A
  • made it easier to gain protection from violent husbands
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15
Q

2

List progress and limitations in race relations legislation in the 1970s

A
  • Limitation - Immigration Act 1971
  • Progress - Race Relations Act 1976
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16
Q

5

Describe the Immigration Act 1971

A
  • passed in 1971, operative from 1973
  • defined partial as born in UK or resident for 5 or more years (expanded upon 1968 act)
  • Unrestricted entry for those with patrial status
  • Entry for non-patrial citizens dependent on visa
  • Thus all non-patrial Commonwealth citizens who sought UK employment reduced to status of contract labourer

patrial - British citizen (or substantial connection)

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17
Q

7

Describe the Race Relations Act 1976

A
  • Aimed to tackle problems of second-class citizenship
  • Replaced acts of 1965 and 1968
  • Made discrim unlawful in employment, training, edu, provisions of goods and services
  • Made it an offence to stir up racial hatred
  • Extended law to cover discrim by private clubs
  • A new body, the Race Relations Commission, replaced earlier bodies
  • Bill passed with all-party support, though a few Cons voted against
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18
Q

6

Describe Heath’s policy towards Ugandan Asians

A
  • Triggered when Uganda’s eccentric dictator Idi Amin in 1972 announced he had a dream which instructed him to give all Ugandan Asians 3 months to emigrate
  • Under 1968 quota, 3k were allowed to enter Britain in any one year
  • Government set up Ugandan resettlement board using military camps as holding centres
  • Linked with volunteer groups which helped find immigrants homes
  • 28.5k Ugandan Asians arrived
  • 30k new jobs created in Leicester -> became model-city for multi-ethnic integration
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19
Q

4

Describe the rise of the National Front

A
  • By 1977, described as Britain’s 4th largest party in terms of vote share
  • Held marches in areas of concentrated immigration
  • Trades Council of East London detailed over 100 violent incidents, inc 2 murders, between Jan 1976 and Aug 1978
  • Assaults on Asians and Afro-Carribeans rose by 1/3
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20
Q

5

Describe anti-racist organisations

A
  • Rock Against Racism 1976 - reaction to Eric Clapton’s comments in support of Powell
  • Many stars performed without payment
  • 1978 Trafalgar Square concert attracted 100k
  • Anti-Nazi League set up in 1977
  • Supported by Neil Kinnock
21
Q

4

Describe racial tensions with the police in the 1970s

A
  • ‘Canteen culture’
  • In 1976, only 70 of 22k Met Police workforce were black/ethnic officers
  • ‘Sus’ law
  • Death of Blair Peach, an anti-nazi league supporter accidentally killed by police at a demonstration

The Met accepted responsibility for Peach’s murder in 2010

22
Q

3

Describe the ‘sus’ law

A
  • 19th century law
  • allowed police to arrest people they suspected were about to commit a crime
  • over 50% arrested with law were black
23
Q

3

Describe opposition to the ‘sus’ law

A
  • 1975, ‘The Black Parents Movement’ set up in response to police brutality towards black children
  • 1978, ‘Scrap Sus’ campaign - drew together imms
  • Law repealed in 1981
24
Q

5

Describe racial progress in sports and culture in the 1970s

A
  • Increasingly visible
  • 1978, Viv Anderson became first player to be picked for England football team
  • Reggae and ska increasingly popular among youth groups
  • Local authorities followed multicultural policies
  • Polyethnic consumer marketing grew
25
Q

4

Describe racial limitations in sports and culture in the 1970s

A
  • Football terraces
  • Notting Hill Carnival 1976 riot saw 300 injured
  • Black and White Minstrel Show continued until 1978
  • 1980, Commission for Racial Equality stated racial discrim is still rife
26
Q

4

Describe the relation between racial tensions and class in the 1970s

A
  • Race replaced class as greatest determiner of social inequality
  • 1974 elec non-white vote: 72% Lab, 17% Con
  • Much of NF support came from poor urban areas
  • High unemployment and poor housing for youth at time
27
Q

5

Describe the punk subculture

A
  • Emerged as reaction to ostentatious British groups
  • Androgyny
  • Unisex clothing with swastikas and brightly dyed hair
  • Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm Mclaren opened a boutique on Kings Road, Chelsea called ‘Sex’, influenced by punk image
  • Sex Pistols

Androgyny - mix of masculine/feminine aspects

28
Q

3

Describe the actions of the Sex Pistols

A
  • Released controversial ‘God Save the Queen’ song during Silver Jubillee
  • In song, called the monarchy a ‘facist regime’
  • BBC refused to air song but reached No2 on official charts
29
Q

2

Describe opposition to the punk subculture

A
  • Local authorities banned performances to protect local people
  • Major labels would move into independent punk scene → softened style to make it commercially viable
30
Q

7

Describe the skinhead subculture

A
  • Distinguishable by their shaved haircuts and Doc Martin boots
  • Exaggerated reaction to hippie movement of 60s
  • Developed from Mod culture
  • Early skinheads into black ska music
  • Image later adopted by NF thugs
  • Tended to be WC and linked to football hooliganism
  • Reflected social abandonment of youth
31
Q

3

Describe football hooliganism in the 1970s

A
  • Worsened in 1970s
  • Linked to football clubs e.g. Newcastle’s Gremlins
  • became known as ‘English Disease’
32
Q

2

Describe positive movements in youth subcultures in the 1970s

A
  • Rock against Racism 1976
  • Embracing of subcultures helped rap/reggae become established into popular British subculture
33
Q

5

Describe violence in Britain in the 1970s

A
  • Miners strikes, racial issues, nationalism
  • Clashes between NF and Trotskyist demonstrators led to 1 death in Red Lion Square in 1974
  • Immense violence at Grunwick picket lines in 1977 left 97 policemen injured
  • Increasing use of Met Police Special Patrol Group at demonstrations
  • Death of Blair Peach in 1979
34
Q

4

Describe the background to environmentalism in the 1970s

A
  • CND was forerunner to movements
  • Linked to pollution, organic farming, nuclear waste, etc
  • Counterculture to consumerism
  • Between 1957-1979, there had been 5 incidents at a Cumbrian nuclear power station
35
Q

6

Describe Green politics in the 1970s

A
  • Department of Environment formed 1970
  • Disparate protests coalesced into organised campaigns
  • Friends of Earth, originally formed in US in 1969, expanded to include Britain in 1971
  • PEOPLE party (1972) → Ecology Party (1975) → Green Party (1985)
  • Put up 5 candidates in Feb 1974 elec, including Goldsmith
  • 53 candidates in 1979 elec
36
Q

3

Describe environmental protests in the 1970s

A
  • Greenpeace UK formed in 1977 and became infamous for NVDA
  • Direct action split environmental movement
  • Animal welfare protests (see other card)
37
Q

3

Describe animal welfare protests in the 1970s

A
  • Carried out violent attacks against pharmaceutical labs from 1973
  • Extremely violent Animal Liberation Front (ALF) formed in 1976
  • ALF sent letter bombs sent to politicians, including Margaret Thatcher in 1982
38
Q

4

Describe the new environmental media

A
  • 1972’s Watership Down, about rabbits being forced to move due to a road development, became a bestselling book
  • Teddy Goldsmith’s 1972 A Blueprint for Survival advocated a return to self-sufficiency and de-industrialisation
  • BBC Natural History Unit made several conservation TV programmes
  • David Attenborough’s 1979 Life on Earth series gained massive TV audiences worldwide
39
Q

3

Descrbe terrorism in the 1970s

A
  • NF openly provoked black communities
  • Resentment against govt anti-terrorist policies of internment (introduced 1971) and ‘Diplock Courts’ (introduced 1973)
  • Bloody Sunday 1972 led to extension of Provisional IRA’s terror campaign

Diplock Courts - non-jury trials to prevent IRA intimidation

40
Q

2

List examples of IRA terrorist incidents in the 1970s

A
  • Tower of London Bombing 1974 killed one woman and injured 41
  • Birmingham Pub Bombings 1974 killed 21
41
Q

1

Describe progress in crime in the 1970s

A
  • Rape received increasing publicity due to feminism movement - first rape crisis centre 1976
42
Q

4

Describe limitations in crime in the 1970s

A
  • Violent crime and vandalism increased against fall in number of persons prosecuted
  • Corruption and conspiracy in public life increased (e.g. Maulding)
  • Prison seriously overcrowded by end of decade - increased risk of prison riots
  • Black and youth hostility to police
43
Q

2

Describe progress in drugs in the 1970s

A
  • early 70s: prison sentences
  • late 70s: large fines for first convictions

arguably a limit

44
Q

4

Describe limitations in drugs in the 1970s

A
  • Cannabis use peaked in mid-1970s
  • ⅓ of uni students used drug, twice rate of non-student population
  • More WC users
  • Heroin market grew
45
Q

4

Describe media in the 1970s

limit

A
  • TV increasingly provoked less social norms
  • Trivial sitcoms became prevalent e.g. emmerdale 1972
  • ‘Till Death Us Do Part’ and ‘Love thy Neighbour’ stereotyped black community and among most popular programmes of era
  • Women objectified in media - also through tabloids e.g. Sun pg3 girls started in 1970
46
Q

3

Describe film in the 1970s

mix of progress and limit

A
  • New special effect technology led to collaboration with US e.g. Star Wars
  • Less provokation in mainstream cinema
  • Independent directors would produce more controversial films
47
Q

3

Describe theatre in the 1970s

limit

A
  • More controversial than film or TV
  • Peter Schaffer’s Equus (1979) showed descriptions of confused sexuality
  • 1976, ‘Gay Sweatshop’ production company formed producing plays with homosexual themes
48
Q

1

Describe the problems of the Department of Environment

A
  • Hamstrung by management of wider portfolio of issues: local govt, housing, planning

British History (36 decks)

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