week 5 lecture

Question 1

what are the local tissue effects of inflammation? (3)

Answer 1

1. increased capillary permeability
2. vasodilation
3. increased blood flow

Question 2

what are classic clinical manifestations of inflammation? (4)

Answer 2

1. tumor (swelling)
2. rubor (redness)
3. calor (heat/warmth)
4. dolor (pain)

Question 3

what are the characteristics of all drugs in the NSAIDs class? (4)

Answer 3

1. anti-inflammatory = treat inflammation
2. analgesic = anti pain
3. antipyretic = anti fever
4. aspirin specific = platelet inhibition (platelet plug/clotting)

Question 4

what is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs drugs? (2)

Answer 4

1. inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2)
2. this acts to block the inflammatory cascade (pathway)

Question 5

functions of COX-1 (3)

Answer 5

1. platelet aggregation = blood clotting
2. formation of gastric mucosa = protective lining
3. kidney function

Question 6

what happens if we block COX-1 (4)

Answer 6

(+) decreases swelling, pain, inflammation, and fever
(-) decreased protection of GI mucosal → ulcers, bleeding
(-) decreased vasodilation → increased BP
(-) altered kidney function

Question 7

functions of COX-2 (2)

Answer 7

1. formation of prostaglandins (+ Histamine & other inflammatory mediators)
2. end result: inflammation, redness, swelling, & pain

Question 8

what happens if we block COX-2 (3)

Answer 8

(+) decreases pain and inflammation
(-) decreased vasodilation → increased BP
(-) allows platelet clumping, increased risk for MI/stroke

Question 9

alternatives to NSAIDs and when is it used?

Answer 9

acetaminophen (Tylenol = PO or Ofirmev = IV)
-used for mild to moderate pain & fever

Question 10

concerns with used acetaminophen & max dosage

Answer 10

hepatotoxicity & liver failure with overdose
max dosage: max total daily dose 4,000 mg

Question 11

NSAIDs contraindications (4)

Answer 11

1. known allergy
2. bleeding abnormalities (impact platelet inhibition/clot formation)
3. impaired renal & hepatic function
4. cardiovascular disease

Question 12

NSAIDs adverse effects (2)

Answer 12

1. GI: nausea, pain, mucosal lesions/ulcers which then leads to GI bleeding
2. reduced kidney function & reduced creatinine clearance