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Pharmacology I > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Describe pharmacology.

A

-physical & chemical properties, actions, absorption, fate of chemical substances (drugs) that modify biological function

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2
Q

Describe the products used in animals.

A
  1. drugs (systemic)
    -used for diagnosis, treatment, cure, mitigation, prevention
    -affect structure or functions of body
    -components of a drug
  2. biologics
    -vaccines, bacterins, antibody products, diagnostic kits
    -used for diagnosis, treatment, prevention
    -immunological method/process
  3. pesticides (topical)
    -prevent, destroy, repel, mitigates pest
    -plant regulator, defoliant, desiccant, nitrogen stabilizer
    >conventional, antimicrobial or bio pesticides (biochemical, microbial, plan incorporated protectants)
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3
Q

Describe pests.

A

-living organisms cause damage to crops, humans, animals
-insects, acarids (mites & ticks), rodents, plants, microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, virus)

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4
Q

Describe institutions in the US & Canada for approved & marketed drugs.

A

FDA CVM
>protect & promote public health
>ensure animal drug products are:
a) eval for safety & effectiveness
—eval new drug products
—pharmacovigilance = post approval monitor
*proof of: effectiveness & safety for animals, humans (consumption for food animals & handling drugs), environment)
b) manufactured under quality standards
C) properly labeled

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5
Q

Describe label info in US & Canada.

A
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6
Q

Describe lists of approved drugs/pesticides.

A

US:
-EPA
-green book by FDA
-vetGRAM by FARAD
CANADA:
-health Canada

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7
Q

Describe why research & development is needed.

A
  1. label
    -manufacturer/drug company/sponsor
    -cost
  2. improve clinical application
    -manufacturer/drug company/sponsor
    -nonprofit organization or governmental
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8
Q

Describe dosage forms.

A

-solid, liquid & semisolids, aerosol, gases, controlled internal drug release system

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9
Q

Describe solids.

A

-powder
-tablet (pill) = compressed powder - granulation (granule)
>immediate release = dissolve in GI content
>modified/extended/delayed release (enteric coated -> DONT CRUSH)
-capsule
>hard shell = filled w powder
>soft shell = filled w liquid
-bolus = lg tablet that remain in rumen
>density prevent regurgitation during rumination
>slow dissolution
-implant
-suppository

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10
Q

Describe liquids.

A

-solution (ex. Dex)
-suspension
*parenteral use = use only labeled product

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11
Q

Describe semisolid.

A

-ointment, cream, paste, emulsion
-ex: mirtazipine

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12
Q

Describe aerosol.

A

-suspension of fine solid or liquid particles
-spray, mist

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13
Q

Describe gases.

A

-anesthesia

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14
Q

Describe controlled internal drug release system.

A

-hormones used to synchronize heat in cattle

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15
Q

Describe routes of administration.

A
  1. PO = per os = in mouth & swallowed
  2. IV = intravenous = in vein
  3. IM = intramuscular = into muscle
  4. SQ = subcutaneous = under skin
    *part of label
    *changing it is EDLU -> drug residue
    [ex. Competition horses]
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16
Q

Describe dose intervals.

A
  1. Q = every
  2. H = hour
  3. D = day
  4. SID = once a day
  5. BID = twice a day
  6. TID = thrice a day
  7. QID = quarce a day
  8. STAT = immediately
EXAMPLE
17
Q

Describe enteral systemic route of administration.

A

Enteral = absorbed in GIT via PO or feeding/NG tube
-ADV:
>convenient (administer at home)
>feeding tube useful in non compliant patient or multiple medications needed
>potential to decontaminate
—induce vom or gastric lavage in cases of drug overdose or toxicity
-DISADV
>patient & owner compliance
>palatability
>slower onset of action
>food or other drugs may affect absorption
>inactivation by gastric pH, digestive enzymes, rumen micro flora
>GIT activity & integrity
>first pass metabolism (liver portal system)

18
Q

Describe parenteral systemic route of administration.

A
  1. Injection
    -IV, IM, SQ, IO
  2. Inhalation
  3. Local/topical
  4. Transrectal
19
Q

Describe the IV administration ADV & DISADV.

A
  1. ADV
    -rapid
    >highest plasmatic conc immediately & constant (long time)
    -avoid tissue irritation
    -lg vol administration
    -repeated administration
    -CRI (constant rate infusion)
  2. DISADV
    -side effects from high conc
    -slow inj (central cath)
    -some drugs cause phlebitis, thrombus, septic (thrombo)phlebitis
    -not administered at home
20
Q

Describe the ADV & DISADV of IM administration.

A
  1. ADV
    -rapid absorption -> high plasmatic conc
    -longer duration of action than IV
    -administer at home
  2. DISADV
    -absorption incomplete
    -painful, irritant, infection, abscess, nerve damage, drug residue
21
Q

Describe ADV & DISADV of SQ administration.

A
  1. ADV
    -slow absorption
    -longest duration of action than IV & IM
    -administered at home
  2. DISADV
    -absorption incomplete
    -painful, irritant, infection, abscess, drug residue (off label SQ penicillin)
22
Q

Describe the ADV & DISADV of IO administration.

A
  1. ADV
    -neonates & tiny patient
    >fluid flow like IV
    -rapid access
    -CPR drugs administered
    -uncomplicated
  2. DISADV
    -short term
    -some drugs cant be administered
    -special equipment, painful, risk of fracture
23
Q

Describe inhalation ADV & DISADV.

A
  1. ADV
    -rapid
    -anesthesia in noncompliant sm animal
    -rapid elim by expiration
  2. DISADV
    -irritant
    -not tolerated in awake patients
24
Q

Describe local.

A

-transdermal TD
-endotracheal (emergency drugs during CPR like EPI)
-transmucosal TM
>intrabuccal IB -> systemic absorption in oral cavity
>intranasal: dense vascular plexus -> systemic absorption in nasal cavity (some drugs go to CNS)
—ex diazepam

25
Q

Describe local ADV & DISADV.

A
  1. ADV
    -other routes not avail
    -long duration of action than IV
    -administer at home
  2. DISADV
    -absorption incomplete
    -technical
26
Q

Describe transrectal ADV & DISADV.

A

(Ex. Metro in horse)
1. ADV
-when other route not avail
-longer duration of action than IV
-administer at home
2. DISADV
-low bioavail
-first pass metabolism

27
Q

Describe local route of administration.

A

• Skin
• Ocular (conjunctival, corneal)
• Vaginal mucosa
• Mammary ducts
• Gastrointestinal
• Otic
• Epidural - regional anesthesia
• Regional limb perfusion
• Intrasynovial / intra-articular
• Pulmonary
• Nasal mucosa
• Urinary tract (urethra, bladder)
*systemic side effect can occur
*residue detection

28
Q

Describe the different types of local.

A
  1. Skin = ID, ointment
  2. PO = poor systemic absorption -> effect in GI
    >antimicrobials, sucralfate, lactulose (management of hepatic encephalopathy)
  3. Rectal w action in rectum
    -lactulose, enema
  4. Pulmonary = metered inhaler
29
Q

Describe the ADV & DISADV of local.

A
  1. ADV
    -high conc at site of administration
    -decrease systematic side effect (lower dosage)
  2. DISADV
    -irritant, technical
30
Q

Describe therapeutic factors.

A

• Onset of action
IV or IO > Inhalation > Transmuco./Endotracheal >IM > SQ > PO ≥ Transdermal
• Duration of action
• Site of action
• Adverse reactions
• Length of required treatment
• Home treatment

31
Q

Describe drug factors.

A

-irritating properties, pH, solubility, viscosity

Pharmacology I (12 decks)

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