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Psychology > U3 Communication: Communication styles > Flashcards

U3 Communication: Communication styles Flashcards

1
Q

What is communication?

A

The transmission of a message from one person to another

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2
Q

What are humans constantly communicating?

A

Their:
- Thoughts
- Feelings
- Observations
- Hopes

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3
Q

How is communication social?

A
  • It involves inter-relationships among people
  • It requires that people acquire a shared understanding of what particular sounds, words, signs and gestures mean
  • It’s the means through which people influence others and are influenced by them
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4
Q

What does communication require?

A
  • A message
  • A speaker/sender of a message
  • A hearer/listener of the message
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5
Q

Why is communication usually more complex than just the three simple components?

A
  • The speaker can also be a listener
  • There may be multiple messages, which might contradict each other
  • Messages may be verbal (spoken) or non-verbal
  • Use of different media (visual, spoken, written) can affect the way a message is received
  • Different communication styles impact how effectively a message is conveyed
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6
Q

What is an individual’s communication style dependent on?

A
  • The culture they were raised in
  • Their socioeconomic background
  • Their gender
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7
Q

What does communication style involve?

A
  • Accent
  • Vocabulary
  • Grammar
  • Types of ideas attempted to express
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8
Q

What is communication style often considered as?

A

An attribute: something we have or are

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9
Q

What are the three communication styles?

A
  • Assertive
  • Aggressive
  • Passive
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10
Q

What are the features of an assertive communication style?

A
  • Beliefs, feelings, opinions and thoughts are expressed in an open, respectful way that doesn’t violate the rights of others
  • Actions and words are used to express boundaries in a calm and confident manner
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11
Q

What are the features of an aggressive communication style?

A
  • No respect for others
  • Disregard for other’s needs, feelings and opinions
  • Safety of others is sometimes compromised
  • Involves demanding, manipulative, angry and self-promoting behaviour
  • Body language involves fist clenching, crossed arms and scowls
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12
Q

What are the features of a passive communication style?

A
  • No respect for themself
  • No importance given to own needs, feelings and opinions
  • Own needs are put after everyone else’s
  • Allows others to decide how things turn out
  • Body language includes covering face, looking down and avoiding eye contact
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13
Q

Who are the two theorists on the impact of social background on communication style?

A
  • Bernstein
  • Labov
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14
Q

What was Bernstein interested in and what did he claim?

A
  • The relationship between language style and social class
  • He claimed people from the working and middle classes in the UK used different kinds of language codes
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15
Q

What, according to Bernstein, are language codes?

A

Types of language used that reflect particular social groups

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16
Q

What is the working class?

A

People that work for wages in jobs such as manual labour and industry

17
Q

What is the middle class?

A

People that work for salaries as professionals in in the public service

18
Q

What are the two language codes proposed by Bernstein?

A
  • Restricted language code
  • Elaborated language code
19
Q

What is restricted language code?

A

Language using short and simple sentences

20
Q

What is elaborated language code?

A

Language using complex, precise sentences

21
Q

How are restricted code and elaborated code different in terms of abstract ideas?

A
  • Restricted code rarely involves abstract ideas
  • Elaborated code often involves abstract ideas and future possibilities
22
Q

How is compliance gained differently with restricted and elaborated code?

A
  • Restricted code: commands are used to gain compliance
  • Elaborated code: explanations are used to gain compliance
23
Q

How is the use of descriptive words different with restricted and elaborated code?

A
  • Restricted code doesn’t use many descriptive words
  • Elaborated code uses many descriptive words
24
Q

How are restricted code and elaborated code different in terms of context provided within sentences?

A
  • The meaning of a sentence in restricted code only makes sense with context
  • The whole meaning of a sentence in elaborated code is clear from the sentence alone
25
Q

Which language codes does each social class use, according to Bernstein?

A
  • Working class: restricted code
  • Middle class: both restricted code and elaborated code
26
Q

Why did Bernstein introduce the ideas of restricted and elaborated language codes?

A

To explain the relatively poor performance of working class school students on language-based subjects when they were achieving the same as their middle class classmates on mathematical subjects

27
Q

When is restricted code better than elaborated code?

A

In situations where there’s a lot of shared and assumed knowledge in a group of speakers

28
Q

What message does the use of restricted code carry and why?

A
  • A social message of inclusion, as it’s acknowledged that as person is ‘one of us’
  • Because restricted code uses shared understandings, meaning and background knowledge
29
Q

When is elaborated code better than restricted code?

A

In situations where speakers can’t restrict their language due to no shared understandings

30
Q

Why did Bernstein believe that middle class students have access to both restricted and elaborated codes?

A

They are more geographically, socially and culturally mobile than working class students

31
Q

What effect did Bernstein believe the fact that working class children could only use restricted code have?

A
  • He believed they had a language deficit due to being only able to use restricted code
  • He believed this limited their ability to benefit form education
32
Q

What influence did Bernstein’s theory have?

A
  • Prompted education programs for young poor children in the USA during the 1960s and 1970s
  • The programs helped the children overcome their educational disadvantage by teaching them language they would need to know before they start school
33
Q

Why was Bernstein’s suggestion that restricted codes can’t effectively deal with new knowledge and ideas challenged?

A

It was often misunderstood, particularly in the USA

34
Q

What did Labov say about communication style?

A
  • He studied children from New York who spoke Black English Vernacular (now called African American Vernacular English)
  • He believed that AVVE is different to English, but is just as complex and rule-governed as standard English, and therefore not deficient
  • He was concerned that teachers were being told not to accept AVVE as it was believed to be useless of learning and evidence of mental inferiorriy
  • His work encouraged linguists today to accept that language styles are just differences in language use rather than being inferior/superior to other styles
35
Q

What did Tannen do in relation to communication styles?

A

She recorded conversations between men and women to identify and understand gender differences in speech style

36
Q

What did Tannen propose?

A

Two communication styles:

  • Report talk: a type of talking used by men to gain and hold public attention to negotiate and maintain the status
  • Rapport talk: a type of talking used by women to establish and maintain relationship and intimacy by developing understanding and negotiating differences, involves private conversations where experiences are shared
37
Q

What did Tannen say about ‘hedges’?

A
  • She said that rapport talk used by women includes hedges
  • Hedges are words or phrases used to lessen the impact of a statement or request being made
  • It has been noted by others (Dallos) that hedges are actually use dby both men and women as a strategic device, rather than a sign of softness
38
Q

How did Tannen believe her two communication styles developed?

A
  • They developed from childhood where boys and girls are socialised differently in terms of expectations about language styles
  • Girls are taught to maintain relationships through talking
  • Boys are taught to maintain relationships through actions
39
Q

What did Tannen say about communication styles affecting relationships between men and women?

A
  • Lack of understanding and differences in communication styles can lead to disputes between men and women
  • Men and women understanding the differences in each other’s reasons for their way of talking can reduce disputes

Psychology (15 decks)

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