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YEAR 2 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What does pleiotropism mean in terms of cytokines?

A

Where one cytokine has multiple functions and actions

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2
Q

What does redundancy mean in terms of cytokines?

A

Where multiple different cytokines can all have the same function

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3
Q

What does synergy mean in terms of cytokines?

A

Where cytokines of redundant can act together to enhance a function, than if they were to function individually

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4
Q

What are 3 types of cytokine receptors?

A
  1. Common cytokine / haemopoietin receptor
  2. Chemokine Receptor
  3. TNF Receptor
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5
Q

What are the main types of TNF receptors?

A

CD40/CD154 - Induce gene transcription and role between T cells + APCs
Fas - induces apoptosis in target cels
TNF

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6
Q

What are features of a chemokine receptor?

A

Alpha-helices that span the cytoplasmic membrane 7 times → catalyse the replacement of GDP by GTP when bound to chemokine

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7
Q

What are features of common cytokine receptors?

A

Receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7 consist of 3 polypeptide chain with common gamma chain

(game chain defective = x-linked SCID)

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8
Q

What are the 4 main cytokines involved in differentiating Naive CD4+ T cells into T cells

A

IL-4
IL-12
IL-6
TGFbeta

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9
Q

Name 3 pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1b
TNF-alpha
IL-6

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10
Q

Name 3 anti-inflammatory cytokines?

A

TGF-b, IL-4, IL-10

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11
Q

What are the 5 main types of cytokines?

A
  1. Interleukins
  2. Tumour Necrosis Factor
  3. Interferons
  4. Colony Stimulating Factors
  5. Chemokines
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12
Q

What interleukin activates eosinophils?

A

IL-5

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13
Q

Which interleukins are mediators of allergy?

A

IL-4,5,6

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14
Q

Which interleukin is secreted by T helper 2 cells to promote Ig class switching in B cells?

A

IL-4

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15
Q

what interleukin is responsible for T cell proliferation and differentiation?

A

IL-2

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16
Q

What produces TNF-alpha

A

Macrophages and T helper 1 cells

17
Q

When are interferons produced and what is the role of them?

A

Produced in response viral infections for destruction of viral RNA and protein synthesis

18
Q

What are type II interferons?

A

IFN gamma
Activates macrophages and CD4+ Helper T cells

19
Q

What are type 1 interferons?

A

INF-alpha and beta
Cause destruction of viral RNA, inhibition of protein synthesis and up regulation of MHC I for cytotoxic CD8 response
Procuded by viral infected cells and dendritic cells

20
Q

What are colony stimulating factors?

A

Bind to surface receptors on haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow to proliferate and differentiate

  • M-CSF (macrophage)
  • G-CSF (granulocyte)
  • GM-CSF (granulocyte/macrophage)
21
Q

Which interleukin is a powerful chemokine of neutrophils?

A

IL-8

22
Q

Which IL is over expressed by most tumours?

A

IL-6

(enhanced proliferation, angiogensis, invasiveness and metastasis)

23
Q

What role does cytokines play in septic shock?

A

Over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines = cytokine storm - commonly induced by viral infections

  • Dilation of blood vessels, leakage of fluid into body tissues, pertubation of blood supply, tissue injury, widespread clotting, organ failure
  • Symptoms - fever, circulatory collapse, DIC, haemorrhagic necrosis → multiple organ failure
24
Q

What is the role of TNF-alpha in T2DM?

A

Over expression of TNF-alpha by adipose tissue of obese individuals = decreased cellular response to insulin and glucose uptake

25
Q

What are risks of cytokine-based therapies?

A

Infusion reactions
Reduces cytokine activity → increased risk of infection and malignancy (Reactivate latent TB)
Pleiotropic action of cytokines → unpredictable and severe side effects
Very short half life → frequent administration

26
Q

Why are blood levels of cytokines not measured?

A

They act over short distances - unable to pick up most levels in serum blood.
(Unless in occasions such as severe high levels such as septic shock - but can clinically see, so no need for tests)

27
Q

What are the 4 Hypersensitivity Reactions?

A

ACID
1. Allergic
2. Cytotoxic
3. Immune complex
4. Delayed

28
Q

What are the 2 phases in Type 1 hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Sensitisation Phase
    (allergen picked up by dendritic cell - presented to T cell - matures into Th2 - secretes cytokines to induce B cell differentiation - make IgE specific to allergy - IgE bind to mast cell)
  2. Allergy Phase
    (Mast cell with IgE specific to allergen recognise allergen → allergen cross-links IgE → activation of mast cell = degranulation → histamines, leukotrienes, cytokines, prostaglandins → local and systemic symptoms of allergy)
29
Q

What are the early and late allergic phases of asthma?

A

Early - mast cell degranulation -> bronchoconstriction, cell infiltrates, increased mucus

Late - chronic inflammation caused by chemokines

YEAR 2 (8 decks)

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