Exercise 5 - Attitudes and Movements

Question 1

Definitions - Attitude

Answer 1

• Aircraft’s orientation/position in space
• Horizon will be the reference point

Question 2

Definitions - Axis

Answer 2

• Reference lines around which the aircraft can rotate independently

Question 3

Definitions - Horizon

Answer 3

• Visible line between ground and sky in the distance

Question 4

Definitions - Movement

Answer 4

• Aircraft rotation about one of the axes, relative to the pilot

Question 5

Definitions - Pitch

Answer 5

• Movement around the lateral axis
• Controlled by the elevator

Question 6

Definitions - Roll

Answer 6

• Movement around the longitudinal axis
• Controlled by ailerons

Question 7

Definitions - Yaw

Answer 7

• Movement around vertical axis
• Controlled by the rudder

Question 8

Attitudes - Cruise Attitude

Answer 8

• All other attitudes are named relative to this one
• Used for getting from Point A to B
• Ground fills 1/3 of windscreen, sky fills 2/3
• Horizon is level
• Wingtips are equidistant from horizon
• Wing looks roughly level

Question 9

Attitudes - Nose Down Attitude

Answer 9

• Used for Descending
• Normal Range is 0-10 degrees
• Ground fills more than a 1/3 of the windscreen
• Horizon is level
• Wingtips are equidistant from horizon
• Wing looks slightly tilted forward compared to cruise, can be very subtle

Question 10

Attitudes - Nose Up Attitude

Answer 10

• Used for Climbing
• Normal Range is 0-10 degrees
• Sky fills most of the windscreen, cowl may be on horizon but depends on steepness
• Horizon is level
• Wingtips are equidistant from horizon
• Wing is angled up compared to cruise

Question 11

Attitudes - Banked Attitude

Answer 11

• Used for Turning
• Normal Range is 0-30 degrees
• Horizon is angled across the windscreen
• Wingtips are no longer equidistant, with one below the horizon and the other above the horizon

Question 12

Attitudes - Combination Attitudes

Answer 12

• Horizon is angled across the wind screen
• Nose is above or below horizon

Question 13

Movements - Pitch

Answer 13

• Movement about the lateral axis
• Controlled by the elevator
• Used to move between cruise and nose up/down and combination attitudes

Question 14

Movements - Roll

Answer 14

• Movement about the longitudinal axis
• Controlled by the ailerons
• Used to move between cruise and banked attitudes and combination attitudes

Question 15

Movements - Yaw

Answer 15

• Movement about the vertical axis
• Controlled by the rudder
• Does not produce useful attitudes
• Adverse yaw is created by several factors which we need to account and correct for

Question 16

Movements - Yaw Factors - Gyroscopic Precession

Answer 16

• Forces applied to a gyroscope act 90 degrees away in the direction of rotation
• Propeller causes pitch up movements which result in left yaw movements
• Corrective action is right rudder

Question 17

Movements - Yaw Factors - Aileron Drag

Answer 17

• Downward deflecting aileron causes more drag than upward deflected aileron
• Causes aircraft to yaw opposite to rolling movement
• Manufacturers can correct this with differential or frise ailerons
• Most pronounced at low speeds
• Corrective action is coordinated rudder

Question 18

Movements - Yaw Factors - Spiraling Slipstream

Answer 18

• Propeller causes air to rotate around fuselage in clockwise direction
• Strikes vertical stabilizer on left side, causing yaw to the left
• Most single-engine aircraft built with slight right turning tendency to counteract this
• Most pronounced at high power settings
• Corrective Action is right rudder

Question 19

Movements - Yaw Factors - P Factor

Answer 19

• Propeller doesn’t generate thrust symmetrically
• down going blade has larger angle of attach and produces more thrust
• Most pronounced at low speeds and high power settings
• Corrective action is right rudder

Question 20

Movements - Controlling Yaw

Answer 20

• We can feel and see large amounts of yaw out the window
• smaller amounts are harder to detect
• use turn coordinator’s inclinometer (“The Ball”)
• Want the ball to be centered

Question 21

Safety - Collision Avoidance

Answer 21

• Must maintain a continuous watch for traffic
• Split sky into sections and pause while looking at each section
• Speak up if you see something
• Be vigilant for aircraft that are stationary in your windscreen

Question 22

Safety - Transfer of Control

Answer 22

• Clear callouts of “I have control” and “You have control”

Question 23

Safety - Fit to Fly (IMSAFE)

Answer 23

• Self assess our fitness
• IMSAFE
• Illness
• Medication
• Stress
• Alchohol
• Fatigue
• Eating