4

Question 1

deamination

Answer 1

proccess of removing an amino acid frm a molecule.

Question 2

mesentery

Answer 2

a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place

Question 3

for people with diabetets, their pancreas fails to produce insulin or their cells irreposnive to insulin. Why?

Answer 3

these outcpomes are the result of te failure of a sensor and their cells to become irresponsive to insulin

Question 4

diabetes rsults in bodys failure to achieve homeostasis. define homesatsis with specific reference to this disease

Answer 4

homestasis in regards to diaetes refers to the maintance of blood gluose levels within a narrow range for optimal function

Question 5

with reference to the glomerlus, explain how kidney damage may lead to microalbumrinina

Answer 5

high blood pressure meanst hat blood is filtered through the glomeularus with great force which could cause small tears in the capillaries comprising the glomeuleurus and damaging it.

Question 6

besides the glomeulrus, what other parts of the nephron may result in microalbumrinia

Answer 6

proximal convulated tubule

Question 7

how does hyperthyrdoisim result in weightloss

Answer 7

hyperthyrdoism results in an overporuction of hydroid hromoens wich regulate body systems. An excessive amount of these hormones can increase metabolic rates in the body resulting in weight loss

Question 8

why would a leaf be rolled

Answer 8

drought and high temeprature

Question 9

one exmaple of an effector is the smooth msucle in peripheral blood vessels

explain how this effector brings a decrease in body temperature

Answer 9

the smooth muslce tissue within te perihpal blood vessels releases,allowing vessels to dilate. This increasesthe volume of blood close to the surface of the skin, leading to heat loss.

Question 10

what are the 3 parts of the large intestine

Answer 10

cecum
colon
rectum

Question 11

hydrchoirc acid do

Answer 11

kills pathoens that enter the stomahc

Question 12

how would ulcers befound

Answer 12

hydrochlroci acid kills pathogens and mucus membanres portcets the stomach lining from being digested by pepsin and form hydrochloric acid.

Question 13

pyloric sphincter

Answer 13

muslce that seperates the duodenum from the stomach and holds the food in the stomahc until it is broken down and releases the food

Question 14

bicarbondate

Answer 14

neutrlaises acidic food frm the stomahc the bring hte optium PH to 7.6

Question 15

Trypsin

Answer 15

protein digestiing enyzme that digests proteins into amni acids

Question 16

pancreal duct and bile duct function

Answer 16

pancreal duct and bile duct function

A
pathway that allows secretiosn frm the pancreas into the small intestine

bile duct pathya where bile is secreted from the liver into the small inteistne

Question 17

how do hervbires have adaptions that allow them to digest celluose

Answer 17

caecum contains bacteria that proudce na enznyme called cellulase which breaks down cellulose

Question 18

function of mucus

Answer 18

acts as a protective layer for the stomach against its own secreted enzymes and acids.

Question 19

The pyloric sphincter is damaged. What is the issue?

Answer 19

if they pylorci sphisnter is stomach the food will not be digested intothe stomach it will move directly from the stomach into the dondedmum, therefore food will not be digested properly and doneudmumwill be directly exposed to the hydrochloric, this will cause ulcers

Question 20

A herbivore such as a rabbit has a diastema instead of what? What is the purpose of this?

Answer 20

A herbivore such as a rabbit has a distema instead of canine teeth. As these animals lack canines which are required to tear food, the distema helps the other teeth work together to cut food. Distaema also allows the food to contiousnyi pass intothe oriel cavity whilst the herbivore is chewing.

Question 21

mesentery

Answer 21

a membrane that attaches the abodmiaml area to small itnesitne, therefore keeps the digetsive system in place.

Question 22

glycorptoein

Answer 22

sends and recievees signals and is involved in cell to cell adhesion

Question 23

Explain why scientists describe the plasma membrane as a ‘fluid mosaic’.

Answer 23

The plasma membrane is fluid because the phospholipids and other molecules can move around – they are not stiff or held in one place.1The plasma membrane is mosaic because many different molecules are embedded in the membrane.2

Question 24

Novel nanomaterials called ‘nanomedicines’ are being developed to diagnose and treat disease. To work, nanomedicines must enter a cell and interact with particular sub-cellular molecules. Nanomedicines gain entry into target cells through endocytosis.

Some scientists are concerned that after endocytosis, the nanomedicine may be destroyed by the cell. Explain how this might occur.

Answer 24

Lysosomes may fuse with the vesicle containing the nanomedicine.1Lysosomes contain enzymes which may destroy the nanomedicine.2

Question 25

Explain the change occurring inside the guard cells and epidermal cells that leads to the net movement of water.

Answer 25

A
Guard cells become less turgid when water leaves, which occurs through osmosis.1For osmosis to occur quickly, ion channels open in the membranes of guard cells, and this leads to epidermal cells becoming hypertonic relative to guard cells.2Water will move from the area of low solute concentration (guard cells) to high solute concentration (epidermal cells).3

Question 26

The concentration of potassium ions, K+, in human blood plasma is approximately 4 mM. In the cytoplasm of red blood cells the concentration of these ions is around 100 mM. Explain how this difference in concentration is maintained.

Answer 26

This difference in concentration is maintained using active transport.1In active transport, ATP is used by specific protein pumps to transport K+ against its concentration gradient into the red blood cells, increasing the concentration of K+ in the cell. K+ is charged so cannot easily diffuse across the plasma membrane, meaning the cytoplasm remains hypertonic to the blood plasma in terms of K+

Question 27

what is the G1 phase involved in, what is being duplicated, what happens to the volume of cytsol in the G1 phase, why are proteins created in the G1 phase, why are orangalles replicated in the G1 phase,

Answer 27

Involved in the growth of a cell

all cells are duplicated besides chromsomes

volume of cystol increases

Proteins are created for DNA replication

organelles are replicated to prepare for replication

Question 28

G1 phase

Answer 28

process to make the cell complete again and duplication of celluar contents besides chromsomes

Question 29

G2 phase

Answer 29

monitors DNA duplications for growth and preparation for mitosis

Question 30

METAPHASE-What happens to sister chromatids and chrosomes in metaphase

Answer 30

Spindle fibres fully form and attach to the centromere of each sister chromatid

sister chromatids align along the equator

Question 31

ANAPHASE-what happens to sister chromatids in anaphase and what forms annd what spilts

Answer 31

Sister chromatids are pulled by spindle fibres from the centromere to opposite sides of the cell

DNA spilts

Question 32

Difference of cytokinesis in animals and plants

Answer 32

in the cytokinesis of animals Cleavage furrow develops and pinches the plasma membrane into two cells

in the cytookensis of plantsA cell plate first forms before separating into two cells

Question 33

homologous chrosomem

Answer 33

a pair of chromosomes, with exact same DNA howeverv one chrosome is maternal and another paternal

Question 34

what do spindle fibres do

Answer 34

they pull the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

Question 35

what do spindle fibres do

Answer 35

they pull the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

Question 36

Q
telophase

Answer 36

chromatin decondenses
nucela envelope starts to reappear
clevaeg furrow forms
2 new cells walls and cell membranes found
cell undergoes cytokinesis

Question 37

prophase-

Answer 37

Nuclear envelope starts to disappear
Chromatin condenses
centrioles produce from spinlde fibres and migrate to oppostire sides of the cell

Question 38

MAJOR STEPS OF APOPTOSIS:

Answer 38

1.Caspase enzymes are activated
●
2.Organelles begin to breakdown
●
3.The cell and nucleus shrinks and chromatic condesnses●
4.Blebbing of the plasma membrane occurs forming apoptotic bodies
●
5.Apoptotic bodies are engulfed by phagocytes (immune cells).

Question 39

APOPTOSIS:Mitochondria(intrinsic) pathway-
Process:

Answer 39

When DNA is damaged (radiation), the mitochondria releases a protein known as cytochrome c

Cytochrome c binds with proteins in the cytosol to activate caspase enzymes

When caspases are active, apoptosis begins.

Question 40

Death receptor pathway what is

Answer 40

Signalling molecules called death ligands bind to death receptors on the plasma membrane, this causes capsace enxymes to become activated to start apoptosis

Question 41

Inhibited apoptosis:

Answer 41

May result in unnecessary body parts after development eg. webbed feet and hands

Question 42

Characteristics of cancer cells:

Answer 42

-Able to invade and spread
-resist cell death
-good blood supply
-evade tumours suppressors such as p53 gene
-able to replicate(immortal)

Question 43

Excessive apoptosis:

Answer 43

may result in diseases and disorders such as Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

Question 44

apoptosis and example

Answer 44

regulated/controlled programmed cell death

example would be apotposis removing flesh between webbed hands in the womb

Question 45

What are the two major stages of apoptosis and what dothey iinclude

Answer 45

initiation-involves intrinsic and extrinsic pathway
execution-
**list whathappens in apoptoisis

Question 46

what are cancer cells, how do they form and how do cancer cells spread

Answer 46

cancer cells form to genetic changes when a normal cell is transformed into a malignant cell

cancer cells spread by dividing uncontrollably and spreading to surrounding tissues.

Question 47

An example of an essiental change that causes magliancy