Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology

A

The close control of flow and interplay of work and information

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2
Q

Physiology key points:

A

Dynamic

Precise regulation and control (via molecular or voltage signals)

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3
Q

Pharmacology

A

Studies defined effect of signalling molecules on the physiological and biochemical work on cells - up until the level of the person

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4
Q

Signalling molecule classifications

A

Endogenous - within the body eg adrenaline
Exogenous 1 - natural, plant based eg morphine
Exogenous 2 - synthetic, man made, containing many thousands of compounds

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5
Q

Signalling (endo para and auto have in common)

A

Two or more parts of a system seperated
Communicating intimately and coherently
Synchrony - shared purpose
Achieved via extracellular signalling molecules

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6
Q

Endocrine signalling molecules d

features

A

Glands produce hormones - secreted to blood
Long distance/through whole body
Need receptors/specific binding sites for action
Neuroendocrine = major regulation of body function
Highly potent - Tight feedback control

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7
Q

Classes of endocrine molecules

A

Amines - hydrophilic, amino acid derivatives, receptors on membrane
Peptides/proteins - hydrophilic, short chain/long receptors on membrane eg insulin
Steroids - lipophilic, derived from cholesterol, receptors intracellular

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8
Q

Catacholamines

A
Hydrophilic
Half life: seconds
Action: seconds/milliseconds
Receptor: membrane 
Mechanism: causes change in membrane potential/synthesis of cytosolic second messengers
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9
Q

Peptides and proteins

A
Hydrophilic
Half life: minutes
Action: minutes/hours
Receptor: membrane 
Mechanism: synthesis of cytosolic second messangers/triggers protein kinase
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10
Q

Steroids

A

Hydrophobic/lipophilic
Half life: hours
Action: hours/days
Receptor: cytosolic/nuclear (inside cell)
Mechanism: receptor-hormone complex controls transcription/stability of mRNA

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11
Q

Paracrine

A
From cell to cell, nearby
Small communication scale
Released into extracellular environment
Induce changes in receptor cells (behaviour/differentiation)
Neurotransmitters (neurone to neurone)
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12
Q

Neurotransmitters features

A
Synapse is specialised and controlled
One way transmission
Electrochemical 
Chemical signal proportional to electric field 
Msecs transmission time
Distance 20nm (SHORT)
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13
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Increase firing rate post synaptically

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14
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Decrease firing rate post synaptically

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15
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter examples

A
Acetylcholine
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline 
Serotonin 
Dopamine (can be both)
Glutamate
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16
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter examples

A

Glycine
GABA
dopamine (can be both)

17
Q

What do exogenous and endogenous signalling molecules do

A

Bring about a change in functional status of target cells
Produce another chemical/electrochemical signal to contribute to signal processing
Perform a specific task
Interconvert between potential energy and kinetic energy

18
Q

Endogenous signalling

A

Engineered via evolution
Optimal fit for the job
Agonists usually (activate receptor)
BATON analogy

19
Q

Exogenous signalling

A
Engineered via human design (carry imposter signal)
Signal carried but sub-optimal fit
Antagonists - block signal
Or partial agonists - attenuate signal 
Side effects
20
Q

Signalling molecule targets

A
Receptor 
Ion channels 
Transporters 
Enzymes 
(RITE)
21
Q

Exception of drug targets: cancer

A

Chemotherapy targets DNA or protein

Intents to kill another organism (antibiotics or cancer cells)

22
Q

Receptor type classes

A
Kinase 
Ligand gated 
Ion
Nuclear/Intracellular
G-protein coupled 
(KLING)
23
Q

Ion channnels regulation

A

Voltage gated: dependent on change in electrical field density
Ion channel: phosphorylation

24
Q

Primary active transport

A

Against concentration gradient
Requires energy in the form ATP
Example - Na/K ATPase pump

(3Na out, 2 K in)

25
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Facilitated diffusion via SGLT1
Na travels down concentration gradient
Carries glucose with it up its concentration gradient

Na = high —> low
Glucose = low —> high (active)
26
Q

Transport carriers

A
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport (primary and secondary)
27
Q

Enzymes function

A

Signal processing, transformation, synthesis, degradation

Can use inhibitors (allosteric or competitive)